?congressman

congressman 發(fā)音

[ 'kɑ?gr?sm?n]

英：　　美：

congressman 中文意思翻譯

congressman 詞性/詞形變化，congressman變形

名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式:congressmen

congressman 短語詞組

1、congressman collins ─── 柯林斯議員

2、congressman senator ─── 國會議員

3、us congressman davis fangfang ─── 美國國會議員戴維斯·芳芳

4、the congressman ─── 國會議員

5、congressman clyburn ─── 克萊伯恩議員

6、congressman schiff ─── 希夫議員

7、coatless congressman ─── 無衣國會議員

8、congressman steube ─── 斯特尤布議員

9、congressman weldon ─── 韋爾登議員

congressman 相似詞語短語

1、congress ─── n.國會；代表大會；會議；社交

2、congressperson ─── n.美國國會議員（不分性別的。尤其指美國眾議院議員）

3、congresswomen ─── n.眾議院女議員

4、Congressman ─── n.國會議員；眾議院議員

5、congresses ─── 大會；國會

6、congressmen ─── n.國會議員（congressman的復(fù)數(shù)）

7、congressional ─── adj.國會的；會議的；議會的

8、congressmember ─── n.國會議員

9、congresswoman ─── n.（美）國會女議員；眾議院女議員

congressman 常見例句（雙語使用場景）

1、Several Democrats in the House, including Arkansas congressman Beryl Anthony, were trying to overturn the rules. ─── 眾議院的幾位民主黨人，包括阿肯色州的眾議員貝麗爾.安東尼，試圖否決這個傷殘補助規(guī)定。

2、As company president, he had been big frog in a small pond, but he was not so important as a new congressman in Washington. ─── 作為公司的董事長，他算得上是個顯赫的人物，但當(dāng)起華盛頓新的國會議員來，他就微不足道了。

3、He was a congressman, senator, secretary of war, secretary of state and vice president of the United States. ─── 他曾擔(dān)任過眾議員、議員、戰(zhàn)部部長、務(wù)卿，以及美國副總統(tǒng)。

4、Vito Corleone: Not to our precinct. Give to a Jew Congressman in another district. Who else is on the list? ─── 別給我們這個選區(qū)。給別地區(qū)的猶太籍議員。名單上還有誰?

5、His father, Howard Buffett, came from a family of grocers but himself became a stockbroker and later a U.S. congressman. ─── 他父親霍華德·巴菲特成長于一個雜貨商的家庭中，但后來卻成了一名股票經(jīng)紀(jì)人，之后又成為美國國會的議員。

6、Kanuck, Tuckahoe, Congressman, Cuff, I give them the same, I receive them the same. ─── 卡納克人，塔卡荷人，國會議員，黑人，我相同地給予他們，我相同地接納他們。

7、Another congressman clung on with a majority of only 18. ─── 另一位國會議員在獲得僅僅18張多數(shù)票的情況下保住了位子。

8、Today Mr. Rangel is a congressman from New York, a Democrat. ─── 如今蘭格先生是一名來自紐約的民主黨人國會議員。

9、California Congressman Duncan Hunter says he'll test the waters for a possible presidential run in 2008. ─── 加州議員鄧肯亨特稱,為了2008年將到來的總統(tǒng)競選，他將接受沃特斯家族的考驗。

10、"This makes it difficult to assess the reliability of recent allegations by OFHEO against Fannie Mae," declared Congressman Frank. ─── 國會議員弗蘭克宣稱:“這讓人們難以判斷督察局近來對房利美的指控的可靠性。”

11、The congressman confessed the professional professor's progress in process control. ─── 國會議員承認(rèn)職業(yè)教授在過程控制上的進(jìn)步.

12、Governor Zell Miller, Senator Sam Nunn, Congressman John Lewis, and other Democrats who had stuck with me all the way were there. ─── 州長澤爾.米勒、參議員薩姆.納恩、眾議員約翰.劉易斯和其他自始至終支持我的民主黨人都來了。

13、Congressman Wolf wants more agencies to let workers telecommute. ─── 先生希望更多的機構(gòu)可以使工作族們遠(yuǎn)程辦公。

14、There was an awkward moment in Times Square when he saw the Naked Cowboy and said, 'Please tell me you're not a Democratic Congressman. ─── 當(dāng)他看到時代廣場的赤裸牛仔時說：不要告訴我你是個民主黨的議員。

15、A serious fall incapacitated the 68-year-old congressman. ─── 一次嚴(yán)重跌傷使這位68歲的國會議員喪失了行動能力。

16、It was appointed by Congress rather than the White House( the man who came up with the idea was a congressman from Virginia, Frank Wolf). ─── 它是由國會任命而不是由白宮組成的（個主意時來自弗吉尼亞的現(xiàn)任國會議員弗蘭克沃夫想出來的）國防部和政府他們各自有一套調(diào)查研究組織。

17、James Oberstar, a congressman, wants to help big urban areas create plans to mitigate traffic. ─── 可以想見，經(jīng)濟刺激計劃已經(jīng)就緒，但其對緩解交通的力度仍是未知數(shù)。

18、Congressman was accused of sending out short messages to denigrate his opposing candidate. ─── 一名國會議員被指以手機短訊發(fā)布消息，抹黑敵對候選人。

19、His father had been a Senator and Secretary of the Air Force and his younger brother a former congressman. ─── 父親曾是參議員和空軍部長，弟弟也是前眾議員。

20、Says Congressman Rogers. "It is clear that human cloning is not yet possible. ─── 國會議員羅杰斯說：“顯然人類無性生殖目前尚不可能。

21、He's been a congressman, cabinet secretary and diplomatic troubleshooter. ─── 他曾是議會會員、內(nèi)閣大臣以及外交調(diào)解專家。

22、Congressman Wilbur D.Mills meets with voters in Heber Springs, Arkansas, to discuss the recession. ─── 眾議員威爾伯D.米爾斯會見選民赫柏泉，阿肯色，討論了經(jīng)濟衰退。

23、The congressman lashed the president for his nepotism. ─── 國會議員抨擊總統(tǒng)搞裙帶關(guān)系。

24、A Congressman should echo the opinions of his constituency. ─── 國會議員應(yīng)該向議會反映該區(qū)選民的意見。

25、"It may have a marginal impact [in moderating oil prices]," said Congressman Markey. ─── 他說："這可能會對降低油價產(chǎn)生微弱的影響。

26、But, his written commentary has not provided the specific measures, estimated that he will receive therefore congressman's interpellation. ─── 但是，他的書面評論未提供具體措施，估計他將因此受到議員的質(zhì)詢。

27、You have a look at US's president, governor, congressman, enterprise President, the media jorum, is hanging doctor the title is extremely rare really. ─── 你看看美國的總統(tǒng)、州長、議員、企業(yè)總裁、媒體大腕，掛著博士頭銜的實在是鳳毛麟角。

28、Judge Roberta Kittleson: You can write your congressman if you don't like the law, counsel. In here, we simply follow it. ─── 你對法律不滿嗎，寫信給議員吧，律師先生，在這里我們只會依法辦事。

29、One congressman told a protester that attempting to reason with her about health care would be like “trying to argue with a dining-room table”. ─── 一名國會議員告訴一名抗議者，就醫(yī)療保險問題嘗試與她講理，就像“試圖與餐桌爭論”。

30、But a congressman says colleges have increased their prices in both good and bad economic times. ─── 但一位眾議員認(rèn)為大學(xué)在經(jīng)濟好或不好的情況下都在漲價。

31、There's not much prospect of Mr. Smith's being elected as Congressman. ─── 史密斯先生被選為議員的希望是不大的。

32、I congratulate Senator Obama and Senator Edwards, I thank Senator Dodd, Senator Bardun and Governor Richardson and Congressman Kucinich. ─── .我祝賀參議員奧巴馬和參議員愛德華茲，我感謝參議員多德、拜登參議員、州長理查森和眾議員庫悉尼科。

33、He brought his influence to bear on the congressman. ─── 他向美國眾議員施加影響。

34、There' s not much prospect of Mr Smith' s being elected as Congressman. ─── 史密斯先生被選為議員的希望不大。

35、In the Democratic radio address, Massachusetts Congressman, *Barney Frank says Republicans and Democrats should act together and act quickly. ─── 周四，總統(tǒng)與兩參議院的兩黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人進(jìn)行了會談。他說他相信很快會達(dá)成一項協(xié)議。

36、After Congresswoman Maxine Waters and Congressman Dave McCurdy of Oklahoma, my other nominators, spoke, the roll was called. ─── 另外兩個提名我的人，女眾議員麥克辛.沃特斯和俄克拉何馬州眾議員戴夫.麥柯迪分別發(fā)言，然后唱名投票開始了。

37、Some folks back home decided they wanted a law passed, so they called their local Congressman and he said, "You're right, there oughta be a law. ─── 一些在家的人，認(rèn)為他們需要一個法律，所以他們向當(dāng)?shù)氐淖h員要求，而議員認(rèn)為，“你是對的，這里需要一部法律?！?/p>

38、He is appointing retired Admiral Dennis Blair as National Intelligence director and former Congressman Leon Panetta to head the CIA. ─── 他任命已退休的海軍將領(lǐng)丹尼斯.布萊爾為國家情報局長、前任國會議員里昂.帕雷特領(lǐng)導(dǎo)國家情報局。

39、An indictment was handed up today against Democratic Congressman William Jefferson of Louisiana. ─── 一紙控訴告發(fā)路易斯安那眾議院議員威廉斯·斐遜。

40、The Congressman was too experienced to be milked by newspaper men. ─── "這位議員很有經(jīng)驗,新聞記者無法從他口中套出任何新聞。"

41、In Maryland, protesters hung a junior congressman in effigy. ─── 在馬里蘭州，抗議者們舉著一位資深國會議員的肖像表示不滿。

42、The congressman was accused of a breach of secrecy rules. ─── 這個國會議員被指控違反保密條例。

43、In rapid succession he became mayor of Greenville, a member of the Tennessee state legislature, U.S. congressman, governor of Tennessee, and U.S. senator. ─── 不久之后，他的政治舞臺越來越寬廣，從綠村市的市長、田納西州立法局的成員、美國眾議員、田納西州州長，以及美國參議員。

44、On the annual traditional summer picnic of White House, the President of USA, Bush, is playing with a son of a congressman. ─── 在白宮傳統(tǒng)的一年一度夏季野餐會上，美國總統(tǒng)布什在逗玩國會議員的兒子。

45、He related several anecdotes about his first years as a congressman. ─── 他講述自己初任議員那幾年的幾則軼事。

46、Pennsylvanian Democratic Congressman Kellink said he was opposed to the Protocol because it would reduce the employment rate and the degree of US industrialization. ─── 賓西法尼亞州民主黨眾議員克林克說，他反對這一個協(xié)議是因為協(xié)議將減少就業(yè)機會，和他所說的降低美國的工業(yè)化程度。

47、The resignation last month of Mark Foley, a Republican congressman accused of sending salacious e-mails to young congressional pages, is merely the latest blow. ─── 上個月辭職的馬克·福利，最近被暴出一名共和黨人國會議員指責(zé)寄給淫穢電子郵件給年輕的會議招待員。

48、In Oklahoma, Congressman Dave McCurdy, a DLC leader, lost his Senate race because of, in his words, God, gays, and guns. ─── 在俄克拉何馬州，民主黨領(lǐng)袖委員會領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人戴夫.麥柯迪議員在參議員競選中失敗，用他自己的話說，原因是“上帝、同性戀和槍”。

49、In the Democratic radio address, Massachusetts Congressman Barney Frank says Republicans and Democrats should act together and act quickly. ─── 布什總統(tǒng)星期四在國會對參眾兩院的兩黨領(lǐng)袖談話時說，他相信很快會達(dá)成一項協(xié)議。

50、Congressman Thomas Reno says he told House Speaker Dennis Hastert months ago about concerns that Congressman Mark Foley sent inappropriate messages to a teenage boy. ─── 國會議員湯瑪斯.利諾表示，他在數(shù)月之前就向國會發(fā)言人丹尼斯.哈斯特告發(fā)了有關(guān)議員馬克.弗利給一名十來歲的男孩發(fā)送不適當(dāng)電子郵件的事情。

51、Dennis Kucinich,a Democratic Party congressman from the state of Ohio, finds the trend troubling. ─── 一個來自于俄亥俄州民主黨派議員發(fā)現(xiàn)這個讓人擔(dān)心的趨勢。

52、Mr.Obama has asked the Illinois Congressman, Rahm Emanuel, who was once an advisor to President Clinton, to be his chief-of-staff. ─── 奧巴馬先生已經(jīng)要求伊利諾伊州的眾議員，曾經(jīng)是克林頓總統(tǒng)的顧問，拉姆伊曼紐爾，成為他的參謀長。

53、President Obama heckled by a Republican Congressman during his address. ─── 奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在講話期間受到共和黨人國會議員的激烈質(zhì)問。

54、Eric Cantor, G. O. P. congressman from Virginia and Republican chief deputy whip: It was almost as if panic had struck the capital. ─── 埃里克康托爾，G.O.P.弗吉尼亞州國會議員和共和黨首席代理人指出：好像有人喜急了首都一樣。

55、Perot's stand-in was Congressman Mike Synar of Oklahoma, who had Ross's sayings and accent down pat. ─── 佩羅的替身是俄克拉何馬州的眾議員邁克.西納爾，他把羅斯的口頭禪和口音模仿得惟妙惟肖。

56、As company president, he had been a big frog in a small pond, but he was not so important as a new congressman in Washington. ─── 他本來身為公司董事長，也堪稱為一方土地的了，可又怎及得此時當(dāng)上了華盛頓國會議員這般顯赫威風(fēng)。

57、Emanuel is an Illinois congressman who also served under former President Bill Clinton. ─── 伊曼紐爾是來自伊利諾伊州的國會眾議員，曾經(jīng)在前總統(tǒng)克林頓手下任職。

58、Last week, I had dinner with Senator Bradley and I had a meeting with Congressman Murry two days ago. ─── 上周我和布萊理叁議員吃飯，而兩天前又和國會議員莫瑞開會。

59、It is considered political suicide for any congressman to suggest cutting down or cutting back not only present but promised future benefits. ─── 如果哪位國會議員膽敢提議取消或削減現(xiàn)在或未來的社保支付，那無異于政治自殺。

60、"Congressman Black is a real maverick but the voters keep sending him back to Washington. ─── 布萊克議員是一個真正獨行其事的人，但是選民們不斷投他的票，推選他到華盛頓去當(dāng)議員。

61、Congressman John Bingham of Ohio was the principal framer of the Equal Protection Clause. ─── 俄亥俄州的國會議員約翰遜.賓漢姆是平等保護條款的起草者。

62、HOW MANY TIMES MAY A CONGRESSMAN BE RE-ELECTED? ─── 眾議員可連任幾次?

63、Former Congressman David Bonior says the trend is moving in Senator Obama's direction. ─── 奧巴馬的主要支持者說，他們預(yù)期競選活動不會立即結(jié)束。

64、A Whig congressman from Pennsylvania made a wild speech against the president. Copies of it were spread throughout the country. ─── 有一位來自賓夕法尼亞州的輝格黨國會眾議員發(fā)表了一篇粗野的演講指責(zé)現(xiàn)任總統(tǒng)，這篇演講稿在全國流傳。

65、Pelosi and Congressman Rahm Emanuel recognized that recruiting moderate candidates was the key to ending that losing streak. ─── 南希和眾議院議員拉姆.伊曼紐承認(rèn)要終止連敗的關(guān)鍵是吸收溫和的候選人。

66、On the annual traditional summer picnic of White House, the President of USA, Bush, is playing with a son of a congressman. ─── 在白宮傳統(tǒng)的一年一度夏季野餐會上，美國總統(tǒng)布什在逗玩國會議員的兒子。

67、The rumour about his scandal swept the state where he was running for the state's congressman. ─── 在他競選的那個州正在迅速傳播著有關(guān)他丑聞的謠言。

68、A public report says an Arizona Congressman confronted Foley about the messages back in 2000. ─── 一份公開報告稱，亞利桑那州一名國會議員與福利當(dāng)面對質(zhì)有關(guān)他在2000年發(fā)送的信息。

69、A congressman speaking for the president called Lindbergh an enemy of his country. ─── 一位代表總統(tǒng)發(fā)言的國會議員稱林德伯格為國家的敵人。

70、Yet he became a congressman, the American Ambassador to the United Nations and the mayor of Atlanta, Georgia. ─── 不過他后來成為國會議員、美國駐聯(lián)合國大使和佐治亞州亞特蘭大市的市長。

71、Though who he was being ruder to, the congressman or Monica herself, might be one of the few things about that over-told story we shall never know. ─── 不過，克林頓對誰更無禮，是國會議員還是莫尼卡本人？在這個人們談爛了的故事中，這或許將成為少數(shù)幾件我們永遠(yuǎn)不會知道的事情之一。

72、The congressman cut in quick before Johnny could open his mouth. ─── 眾議員不等約翰尼張口說話，趕緊插嘴。

73、One Republican congressman fretted that Mr Gore's plan would mean no new industry, no new cars and no new people in America. ─── 一名共和黨譯員擔(dān)心戈爾的計劃意味著美國將沒有新工業(yè)，沒有新汽車，也沒有新生兒。

74、Kevin.Cahill, New York Congressman. ─── 凱文.卡希爾，紐約州聯(lián)邦眾議員。

75、His father was a lawyer who later became a United States congressman. ─── 他的父親是一名律師，后來當(dāng)上了美國國會議員。

76、I'll write to the Congressman of my district about this. ─── 關(guān)於這件事我要給我區(qū)的眾議院議員寫信。

77、The congressman is meditating a reply to his critics . ─── 國會議員正考慮對他的批評作出回答。

78、Among them, Senator Baucus, Congressman Matsui, Congressman Dooley, Congressman Dreier, Congressman Kolbe, and Congressman Crane. ─── 其中包括參議員鮑卡斯、眾議員松井、眾議員杜利、眾議員德賴爾、眾議員科爾比和眾議員克蘭。

79、They shelved the pork-packer's son and the banker's son, and sat down to consider the Governor's son and the son of the Congressman. ─── 他們把豬肉批發(fā)商的兒子和銀行老板的兒子束之高閣,然后坐下來考慮州長和眾議員的公子了。

80、Congressman Frank has said he would like to see substantial progress on financial system reforms in coming months. ─── 弗蘭克眾議員表示，他希望在今后幾個月里看到金融制度的改革取得實質(zhì)性進(jìn)展。

81、As company president, he had been a big frog in a little pond, but to compared to the new congressman in Washington, he was nothing to talk about. ─── 作為公司的董事長,他已經(jīng)算是個人物;但如果跟華盛頓的新國會議員相比,那簡直連提都不用提。

82、Oh, man, does Congressman John Dingell seem mad at FDA. ─── 噢，老兄，不眾議員丁格爾似乎在美國瘋牛病。

83、Ronald Reagan won the Republican Presidential nomination in 1980 and chose as his running mate former Texas Congressman and United Nations Ambassador George Bush. ─── 1980年里根被提名為共和黨總統(tǒng)候選人。他選擇前德克薩斯國會議員、聯(lián)合國大使喬治·布什作為他的競選搭檔。

84、In 1856 an incensed relative of Butler, a congressman from South Carolina, invaded the Senate and severely beat Sumner. ─── 1856年，巴特勒的親戚（一位來自南卡羅來納的議員）闖進(jìn)參議院襲擊索姆奈。

85、Not until you write your Congressman and demand McCarthyism once again be our national standard, the menage of Chila will continue to grow. ─── 如果你不寫信至眾議院要求將麥卡錫主義重新制定為國策，鐘國（原文又拼錯字）威脅將會持續(xù)增長。

86、In Missouri, Senator Jean Carnahan lost to Republican Jim Talent, a former Congressman. ─── 在密蘇里州，參議員簡?卡耐翰敗給了共和黨人，前國會議員吉姆?泰倫特。

87、Congressman Lamar Smith was among Republicans making the allegation. ─── 眾議院議員拉馬.史密斯是提出聲明的共和黨成員之一。

88、Mr Cantor, the only Jewish Republican congressman, has a wife who hails from a prominent Democratic family (“a mixed marriage”, he calls it). ─── 卡托先生，唯一一個猶太裔共和黨眾議員，其妻子來自顯赫的民主黨家族（他稱之為“跨黨婚姻”）。

89、Ohio Congressman Bob Ney has resigned. ─── 俄亥俄州的議員鮑博.內(nèi)已經(jīng)辭職。

為何從來不見美國總統(tǒng)召集50個州州長開大會，共商國內(nèi)大事？

誰勒他??？

美國總統(tǒng)雖然是美國最大的“官兒”，是美國的政府首腦，三軍統(tǒng)帥，在世界上也是呼風(fēng)喚雨，可在美國各州州長面前，能給他面子就不錯了，假如遇到脾氣不好的，還真能和總統(tǒng)方面叫板呢，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在任時，有一次去亞利桑那州長視察，剛一下飛機，就與女州長布魯爾發(fā)生了爭吵，布魯爾絲毫沒給奧巴馬面子，嚴(yán)厲的斥責(zé)了奧巴馬，弄的奧巴馬就像一個做錯事的孩子一般，這個窘啊。

這是為什么呢？

要說美國的體制還真挺有意思的啊……

美國是聯(lián)邦制國家，美國的開國元老們?yōu)榱朔乐购筝厒儶毑媒y(tǒng)治，在建國初期的聯(lián)邦憲法里就設(shè)計出了總統(tǒng)的權(quán)限，而各州有各州的獨立立法權(quán)和州法律，州長由各州的選民選舉產(chǎn)生，只對本州選民負(fù)責(zé)，而州長的“生殺”大權(quán)當(dāng)然在選民手中，州長和總統(tǒng)并沒有上下級的關(guān)系，從這個意義來說，美國的州長和總統(tǒng)應(yīng)該是平起平坐的關(guān)系，所以，總統(tǒng)想召集各州州長開會，州長們完全可以說：沒時間……

為何從來不見美國總統(tǒng)召集50個州州長開大會，共商國內(nèi)大事？

美國政府三級管理，總統(tǒng)，州長，市長，會不會幾年一度，總統(tǒng)要召集州長們開個團結(jié)的大會?小一點的州也有幾十上百個城市，州長要不要定期把市長們叫到州府，聽聽匯報？

想象一下這個歡樂的場景吧，假如市長們接到了這樣的請?zhí)^一件事肯定是問州長：“來前兒車票你給報銷?。俊钡诙戮褪谴蚵犌宄巳?，然后再問：“打死人你負(fù)責(zé)償命吶？”

以上當(dāng)然是開玩笑，民主黨和共和黨的兩位市長相見，既不會上演武行，市長也不會找州長報銷車票，他壓根就不會去，當(dāng)然州長壓根也不會請。

官大一級壓死人，你小樣的不打算干啦？他要是真請，你要是真去，那你們哥倆確實是不打算干了，因為你們正上演著一幕違法的丑聞。

對嘍，你這官再大，還真壓不死這人，州長不會鳥總統(tǒng)這一壺，市長也沒把州長當(dāng)盤菜，大路朝天，各走一邊，誰也干涉不了誰。

不管你當(dāng)多大官，你需要對讓你上臺的人負(fù)責(zé)，在任何政治體系內(nèi)，這是通理，州長不是總統(tǒng)任命的，不需要對總統(tǒng)負(fù)責(zé)，這飯碗是選民給的，只好可憐巴巴的對所在地區(qū)的選民負(fù)責(zé)。同理，市長也不是州長任命的，同樣不需要上趕著跟他統(tǒng)一思想。

咱就假如美國總統(tǒng)腦袋發(fā)熱，冒著被彈劾的風(fēng)險，非要拉你們州長開個大會，你州長敢去嗎？那不是你的工作范圍，你的選民選你是讓你來管理州內(nèi)事務(wù)的，外星人到了隔壁州，或者放火燒了華盛頓，都跟你沒有一毛錢關(guān)系，你該干嘛干嘛，要是非去湊熱鬧那就屬于僭越，至少也算是不務(wù)正業(yè)，不務(wù)正業(yè)的州長不是大家需要的州長。

所以說，州長寧可頂撞總統(tǒng)（好像也不要因此負(fù)責(zé)），也絕不會得罪選民，除非你是不想干了。

美國總統(tǒng)事實上也并不需要州長們的支持，他的精力主要是用在與國會方面的角力，就像州長們同樣頭疼州議會的扯皮，這也是我們關(guān)于美國行政低效的感官認(rèn)識的最直接來源。

在現(xiàn)實中，聯(lián)邦政府的權(quán)力充分下放，好吧，我承認(rèn)這句話也是替聯(lián)邦政府遮羞，其實美國最初的形態(tài)是十三個獨立的州，聯(lián)邦政府的權(quán)力最早是來自于州政府的放（SHI）棄(SHE)，另外還有一些課稅、財政、國防、外交這樣的確是對于單獨的州政府來說力不從心的高大上課題需要聯(lián)邦政府解決，而與百姓更加息息相關(guān)、更加重要的立法、司法、行政等權(quán)限，不好意思，還在本州自己手里。