?comprehensiveness

comprehensiveness 發(fā)音

英：[?kɑ?mpr??hens?vn?s]　　美：[?k?mpr??hens?vn?s]

英：　　美：

comprehensiveness 中文意思翻譯

comprehensiveness 詞性/詞形變化，comprehensiveness變形

名詞: comprehensiveness |副詞: comprehensively |

comprehensiveness 反義詞

noncomprehensively

comprehensiveness 同義詞

comprehensiveness 短語(yǔ)詞組

1、comprehensiveness antonym ─── 綜合反義詞

2、comprehensiveness means ─── 全面性意味著

3、comprehensiveness measures ─── 綜合性措施

4、comprehensiveness defined ─── 全面性定義

5、comprehensiveness defi ─── 全面性定義

6、comprehensiveness psychology ─── 綜合心理學(xué)

7、comprehensiveness syn ─── 綜合性 ─── 綜合征

comprehensiveness 相似詞語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)

1、comprehensives ─── adj.綜合的；廣泛的；有理解力的；n.綜合學(xué)校；專(zhuān)業(yè)綜合測(cè)驗(yàn)

2、incomprehensiveness ─── 不理解

3、comprehensivises ─── 綜合的

4、apprehensiveness ─── n.領(lǐng)悟力；憂慮感

5、comprehensivizes ─── vt.使（學(xué)?；蚪逃贫龋┚C合化

6、inapprehensiveness ─── 不當(dāng)

7、incomprehensibleness ─── 不可理解

8、comprehensibleness ─── 可理解性

9、comprehensions ─── n.理解；包含

comprehensiveness 常見(jiàn)例句（雙語(yǔ)使用場(chǎng)景）

1、quality of the decisions depends on the quality and the comprehensiveness of the underlying information. ─── 決策的質(zhì)量取決于基礎(chǔ)信息的質(zhì)量和全面性。

2、In particular, Swatch AG will not be liable for the accuracy, completeness, adequacy, timeliness, or comprehensiveness of the information contained on this website. ─── 特別是,Swatch AG不對(duì)本網(wǎng)站所含信息的準(zhǔn)確性、完整性、充分性、及時(shí)性或綜合全面性負(fù)責(zé)。

3、It also can be see that his a really diligent emperor from his comprehensiveness and he is worth our highly respecting. ─── 從對(duì)所述事務(wù)考慮得如此細(xì)致周到來(lái)看，他又是一位謹(jǐn)慎勤奮的皇帝。

4、Hunting with bows and arrows was an important kind of military sport in ancient China which was characterized by multi-functions and comprehensiveness. ─── 摘要射獵是中國(guó)古代一種重要的軍事體育活動(dòng)，具有多功能、綜合性的特點(diǎn)。

5、The "harmonious world" theory is not an idle dream but facing the reality of the present world, considering ideological innovation and cultural comprehensiveness. ─── 概括指出了建設(shè)“和諧世界”思想所具有的現(xiàn)實(shí)針對(duì)性、思想創(chuàng)新性和文化包容性的特點(diǎn)。

6、Our company is one to have independent corporate capacity comprehensiveness , the professionalization thing job cleaning enterprise. Own manage a team and advanced special field cleaning technology and special field equipment. ─── 本公司是一家具有獨(dú)立法人資格的綜合性、專(zhuān)業(yè)化的物業(yè)保潔企業(yè)。擁有專(zhuān)業(yè)的管理隊(duì)伍和先進(jìn)的保潔技術(shù)及專(zhuān)業(yè)設(shè)備。

7、Microbiology experiment is characterized with strong comprehensiveness and manipulation,which requests the students both aseptic operation and consciousness of bio-safety. ─── 微生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)不僅綜合性和操作性強(qiáng),而且要求學(xué)生具備較強(qiáng)的無(wú)菌操作技能和生物安全意識(shí)。

8、Because of its specialty and comprehensiveness, special database is welcome especially to professional researcher. ─── 專(zhuān)題數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)由于其“專(zhuān)”而“全”的特點(diǎn)而備受專(zhuān)業(yè)人士的歡迎。

9、In terms of its comprehensiveness, completeness, and unity, Qu Yuan's outlook on personality may be rated as the utmost paragon of the Chinese nation. ─── 從人格觀之全面性、完整性、統(tǒng)一性上觀察，屈原之人格觀當(dāng)為中華民族之最高標(biāo)范。

10、As a teacher training mode, action learning has such features as reflectivity, activity, cooperativeness, subjectivity, participation, operatability and comprehensiveness. ─── 作為一種教師培訓(xùn)的模式,行動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)法具有反思性、行動(dòng)性、合作性、主體性、參與性、操作性、綜合性等特征。

11、I would have to say, however, that despite its comprehensiveness, it should not replace consultations with a medical practitioner. ─── 然而我不得不說(shuō)，盡管它很全面，但它還是不能代替一個(gè)職業(yè)醫(yī)生的會(huì)診。

12、Facility and size are not the standard to assess the comprehensiveness of an art space, desire from our artists will create the art world an individual parallel of the space. ─── 我們不用設(shè)施、規(guī)模、來(lái)訂位一個(gè)藝術(shù)空間的完善,誠(chéng)意燃起的欲望或許可以提供北京藝術(shù)界另一個(gè)獨(dú)立思考實(shí)驗(yàn)的空間。

13、Enriched with diverse culture, sport is a grand culture featured with social comprehensiveness. ─── 體育本身蘊(yùn)含著豐富的文化內(nèi)涵，是具有極強(qiáng)社會(huì)綜合性的大文化。

14、The characteristics and the smelting functions of direct reduction iron (DRI) in EAF have been comprehen sively reviewed and discussed in this paper. ─── 對(duì)直接還原鐵 (DRI)性能及其在電弧爐冶煉的特性作了較全面的論述。

15、Perhaps, at the on the road come, I would become supercilious, but you certainly forgive my with your comprehensiveness selfish, use your great infect me; ─── 也許，在來(lái)的路上，我會(huì)變得高傲，但你一定會(huì)用你的寬廣包容我的自私，用你的博大感染著我；

16、All faring engines must wrestle with comprehensiveness, speed, and accuracy. ─── 所有的定價(jià)引擎應(yīng)該滿足信息詳盡、高速和精確三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

17、Would the scope or comprehensiveness of the evaluation be seriously limited if this question were dropped? ─── 如果舍棄這個(gè)問(wèn)題，評(píng)價(jià)的范圍和綜合性是否會(huì)受到嚴(yán)重的限制？

18、conciseness and comprehensiveness ─── 文約意廣

19、We have seen in the classroom students in a variety of forms to express their ideas, demonstrate the diversity of artistic expression truly reflects the comprehensiveness of education. ─── 在課堂上我們看到了學(xué)生們用各種各樣的形式去表現(xiàn)他們的想法，展示了藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)的多元化，真正體現(xiàn)了教育的全面性。

20、From One-sided Profundity to Compromised Comprehensiveness--On the Cause-finding Method in the Study of Psychological Variation ─── 從片面深刻到折衷綜合--談心理變異的歸因方法

21、A Talk on Comprehensiveness of Traditional Chinese Painting's Multidiscipline and Interdiscipline ─── 淺論中國(guó)畫(huà)多學(xué)科跨學(xué)科的綜合性

22、comprehensiveness, the road of bigness! ─── 寬廣,巨大道路!

23、Reliability and accuracy.Economic data are subject to revisions after the release date due to the comprehensiveness of data. ─── 可靠性和精確性：由于經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的復(fù)雜多樣性，所以即使數(shù)據(jù)公布后，仍會(huì)不斷進(jìn)行修正。

24、But Nanjing Government's insolvable obstacles in extensiveness,comprehensiveness and intensity,the Central Government's being perfunctory and the exhaustion of local financial resources finally prevented the movement from going deep. ─── 但因南京政府在廣延度、綜合度和強(qiáng)度方面存在著無(wú)法克服的障礙 ,再加上中央心存敷衍及地方財(cái)源的枯澀 ,最終制約了廢苛減賦運(yùn)動(dòng)的深入

25、And it has the attributes of vagueness, comprehensiveness, verity and two-way communication, etc. ─── 人體語(yǔ)言就一般特性而言，它具有模糊性、包容性、真實(shí)性、雙向性等特征。

26、Human being needs are fundamental dynamics in their value. the needs of comprehensiveness and richness reflect and promote the development of comprehensive. ─── 人創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的根本動(dòng)因是人的需要，而需要的全面性和豐富性，反映并推動(dòng)著人的全面性發(fā)展。

27、Comments on the proposed project (need, benefit, feasibility, innovation, comprehensiveness etc. ─── 對計劃之評價（需要及受益程度，可行性，創新性，完整性）

28、Gerwick The leading authority in the field offers a unique and comprehens. ─── Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures, Second Edition 責(zé)任人: Ben C.

29、I admire the comprehensiveness of Singapore's municipal facilities even more. ─── 我更贊賞新加坡市政設(shè)施的配套完備。

30、The examples show that this method is easy to operate and considers both representativeness and comprehensiveness . ─── 實(shí)例應(yīng)用表明該方法易于操作，并基本兼顧了所選指標(biāo)的代表性和全面性。

31、Comprehensiveness is emphasized in the hope of evoking students" interest and perception of related art schools and improving their overall accomplishment through the educational dance activities. ─── 強(qiáng)調(diào)“綜合性”的目的在于希望通過(guò)舞蹈藝術(shù)教育活動(dòng)能夠帶動(dòng)學(xué)生對(duì)其他藝術(shù)門(mén)類(lèi)的興趣與感知力，使學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì)得到全面提高。

32、The Veto Power And Comprehensiveness of Fuzzy Logic ─── 模糊邏輯運(yùn)算中的若干問(wèn)題

33、We note that, compared with the previous draft, the content of the paper is somewhat updated.Yet in terms of objectiveness and comprehensiveness, frankly speaking, it remains largely unchanged. ─── 坦率地講，與前一稿相比，文件的內(nèi)容有所更新，但總體上，在全面性、客觀性等方面沒(méi)有明顯變化。

34、Evaluate the accuracy, relevance, appropriateness, comprehensiveness, and bias of electronic information sources. ─── 3能評(píng)估與適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用資訊來(lái)源解決問(wèn)題。

35、In line with the analysis and comprehensiveness definitions as well as the mental and age traits of children, "analysis tests and comprehensive tests" built upon graphs have been compiled. ─── 根據(jù)有關(guān)分析和綜合的概念理論以及兒童的心理年齡特點(diǎn),以圖形為材料,編制了“分析測(cè)驗(yàn)和綜合測(cè)驗(yàn)”。

36、A wider gutter would make the dictionary easier to use, but this is a minor irritation which is offset by the clarity and comprehensiveness of its contents. ─── 如果頁(yè)間的空檔再寬綽一些，則會(huì)更方便于使用。 當(dāng)然，這僅是小小的美中不足，且已被其內(nèi)容之明確和全面所彌補(bǔ)。

37、New Views over"Development of Human Being is the Unification of Comprehensiveness and Freedom" ─── "人的發(fā)展是全面與自由的統(tǒng)一"新論

38、Comprehensiveness of Geography and Integrated Research on Regional Development ─── 地理學(xué)的綜合性與區(qū)域發(fā)展的集成研究

39、Today some science and engineering universities of China tends to realize their comprehensiveness by developing arts. ─── 通過(guò)發(fā)展文科實(shí)現(xiàn)綜合化是當(dāng)今我國(guó)理工科大學(xué)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。

40、The base of the legal protection of resource security is its relative laws. which mainly have four characters, namely, fundamentality, divergency, comprehensiveness, and sociality. ─── 摘要資源安全法律保障關(guān)聯(lián)法律具有基礎(chǔ)性、發(fā)散性、綜合性、社會(huì)性等特征，成為資源安全法律保障體系建立的基礎(chǔ)。

41、A Statistical Analysis of Comprehensiveness in Shenzhen University's Disciplines ─── 深圳大學(xué)學(xué)科綜合性發(fā)展統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

42、In others, the body of texts is selective, though extensive, and the aim may eventually be to achieve some level of comprehensiveness. ─── 在其它方面，原文的主體是有選擇性的，雖然廣大，并且最終目標(biāo)可能是達(dá)到綜合的一些水準(zhǔn)。

43、Brief Analysis of the Factors Adversely Affecting english Listening Comprehen sion and Ways and Means to cope with Them ─── 淺析影響英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力的因素與對(duì)策

44、It said the project will 'push the envelope on size, indexing speed, accuracy, comprehensiveness and other dimensions. ─── 谷歌稱(chēng)該項(xiàng)目將“擴(kuò)大搜索服務(wù)的范圍，索引速度，準(zhǔn)確度，全面性，以及其他指標(biāo)”。

45、As of comprehensiveness, it is a bit different story. ─── 至于廣泛性，則是一個(gè)稍有不同的話題了。

46、the great comprehensiveness experiment ─── 大綜合性實(shí)驗(yàn)

47、The principle of comprehensiveness from the body, mind, group three aspects to improve the overall quality of football players. ─── 全面性原則為從身、心、群三個(gè)方面提高足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的綜合素質(zhì)。

48、The Comprehensiveness of the Basic Size of Rolling Cam Mechanism ─── 滾子凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)基本尺寸的綜合

49、The water right system doctrine got all rights about water resources together, which stressed on the comprehensiveness of the water right concept. ─── 水權(quán)概念的準(zhǔn)確確定實(shí)際上就是水權(quán)權(quán)屬范圍的劃定與規(guī)范，也就是建立一套完整的水權(quán)體系。

50、London Workshop on Environmental Science, Comprehensiveness and Consistency in Global Decisions on Ocean Issues; ─── 全球海洋問(wèn)題各項(xiàng)決定的環(huán)境科學(xué)、全面性和一致性倫敦講習(xí)班;

51、Tools are limited in their performance, comprehensiveness, and depth of analysis. ─── 性能有限,理解分析深度有限。

52、The differences and mistakes existed in the addresses cataloguing of SCI are easy to be missed and misused,which affect the outcome of the thesis retrieval accuracy and comprehensiveness. ─── 摘要SCI地址信息著錄存在的差異與錯(cuò)誤易產(chǎn)生論文被漏檢和誤檢，影響著本單位SCI論文檢索結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性和全面性。

53、Through reanalyzing the education model of Bauhaus, its comprehensiveness as well as direct experience on crafts shed lights on the tendency of development of current architectural education in China. ─── 包豪斯的包容性和對(duì)于工藝的直接體驗(yàn)，對(duì)于我們現(xiàn)在建筑專(zhuān)業(yè)教育發(fā)展有著極其重要的借鑒意義。

54、comprehensiveness of environmental management ─── 環(huán)境管理綜合性

55、The examples show that this method is easy to operate and considers both representativeness and comprehensiveness. ─── 實(shí)例應(yīng)用表明該方法易于操作，并基本兼顧了 所選指標(biāo)的代表性和全面性。

56、Keywords comprehensiveness of environmental management;environmental performance;POSSION model;OP model; ─── 環(huán)境管理綜合性;環(huán)境績(jī)效;泊松模型;有序概率模型;

57、The result clearly shows the fairness and justice of such an operation pattern.In order to show its comprehensiveness, this printmaking biennial has no fixed academic theme. ─── 為了凸現(xiàn)包容性，本次版畫(huà)雙年展不確定單一的學(xué)術(shù)主題，以鼓勵(lì)各國(guó)版畫(huà)家自由創(chuàng)造，盡情發(fā)揮，大膽探索。

58、Because of its speed, comprehensiveness and superior results, Google has become the network said in a search on a verb. ─── 由于其速度、全面性和優(yōu)越的結(jié)果，谷歌已經(jīng)成為表示在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上進(jìn)行搜索的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞。

59、The new framework embraces the feature of systematization, comprehensiveness and expansibility, which could provide foundation for policy making and standards establishing. ─── 新的體系框架具有系統(tǒng)性、全面性和可擴(kuò)展性的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，可為今后的政策制定和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編制提供依據(jù)。

60、From financial, customers, internal business process, learning and growth, BSC evaluates the performance of the organization, emphasizes its strategic, comprehensiveness and growth. ─── 平衡記分卡從財(cái)務(wù)、客戶、內(nèi)部流程、學(xué)習(xí)與成長(zhǎng)四個(gè)角度對(duì)組織的績(jī)效進(jìn)行考核，強(qiáng)調(diào)了績(jī)效考核的戰(zhàn)略性、全面性、平衡性和發(fā)展性。

61、(4) possess high level of learning comprehensiveness and abilities for critical thought; ─── (4)具高度學(xué)習(xí)理解力、批判性思維能力；

62、In developing procedure, we pursure the comprehensiveness and commomality of the system, so that it can not only be applied in one educational institution. ─── 學(xué)生管理等等。

63、And many architects and engineers praise the comprehensiveness of the label. ─── 很多建筑師和工程師稱(chēng)贊該認(rèn)證的廣泛性。

64、Comprehensiveness: The CMM does not address all the important factors that impact success. Excluded topics include capable people, systems engineering, and powerful tools. ─── 包容性:CMM沒(méi)有包括影響項(xiàng)目成功的所有重要因素,排除在外的主題有:人員素質(zhì),系統(tǒng)工程,強(qiáng)大的工具。

65、Individual focus include autonomy, independence, uniqueness, comprehensiveness, and other attributes. ─── 個(gè)體維度包含自主性、獨(dú)立性、獨(dú)特性、全面性等屬性。

66、KEYWORD： Chinese characteristic; human factor; human feelings; multiplicity; comprehensiveness; strategy ─── 關(guān)鍵詞：中國(guó)特色;人文因素；人情和人情味；多元化；綜合性；戰(zhàn)略性

67、Method of CPD is applied to comprehen sively evaluate primary energy in th is paper,the evaluation result without any subjectivity is s atisfying and can be referred. ─── 本文將CPD法應(yīng)用于一次能源的綜合評(píng)價(jià),以排除人為的主觀任意性,可取得滿意的結(jié)果,該評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果可提供有關(guān)參考。

68、The sustainable development theory has several basic characteristics such as comprehensiveness, social historicity and practicality. ─── 可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論具有綜合性、社會(huì)歷史性和實(shí)踐性的基本特征。

69、Obviously, multi-dimension, comprehensiveness and uncertainty should become the new quality of art syllabus contents. ─── 多元性、綜合性和不確定性應(yīng)成為美術(shù)課程內(nèi)容的新品質(zhì)。

70、The old-age right has several characteristics, such as its universality, qualification, foundation, sociality and comprehensiveness. ─── 養(yǎng)老權(quán)具有普遍性、資格性、基礎(chǔ)性、社會(huì)性、綜合性的特點(diǎn)。

71、The main feature is the independence and research of learning, opening, cooperation and reflection of learning process, the practice and comprehensiveness of learning content etc. ─── 其主要特點(diǎn)是學(xué)習(xí)方式的自主性和探究性，學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程的開(kāi)放性和合作性，學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容的實(shí)踐性和綜合性，學(xué)習(xí)評(píng)價(jià)的過(guò)程性，學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)的生成性等。

72、I was impressed with the abilities of their students, the professionalism of their staff and the comprehensiveness of their educational environment. ─── 華頓孩子的外語(yǔ)能力、教職員的專(zhuān)業(yè)、以及健全的環(huán)境都讓我印象深刻。

73、Interpreting the Idea of Comprehensiveness, Coordination, and sustained Development ─── 全面、協(xié)調(diào)、可持續(xù)發(fā)展觀解讀

74、China opposes the arms race, and maintains that effective arms control and disarmament should be carried out in accordance with the principles of fairness, rationality, comprehensiveness and balance. ─── 中國(guó)反對(duì)軍備競(jìng)賽，主張根據(jù)公正、合理、全面、均衡的原則，實(shí)行有效的軍備控制和裁軍。

75、Substantial evidence and the understanding of history,comprehensiveness and objectivity are the principles for the writing of academic history. ─── 實(shí)證與史識(shí)、全面與客觀,是學(xué)術(shù)史書(shū)寫(xiě)的基本原則。

76、A Concise Account of the Comprehensiveness of Emergency Response and Rescue ─── 淺析緊急救援的綜合性

77、The small paid editorial staffs at commercial directory sites can’t keep up with submissions, and the quality and comprehensiveness of their directories has suffered. ─── 商業(yè)目錄中較少的編輯網(wǎng)站的職員已經(jīng)無(wú)法滿足大量的網(wǎng)站提交的請(qǐng)求，這樣使得他們目錄的質(zhì)量與數(shù)量受到了影響。

78、The traditional Chinese culture has had a great impact on the economic construct, on and enterprise development with its comprehensiveness, profoundness and long history. ─── 摘要中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化博大精深、源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)，深刻影響著經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和企業(yè)發(fā)展。

79、A Study on Comprehensiveness of the Scientific Subjects Setting-up in Training School for Future Primary School Teachers ─── 小教專(zhuān)科理科課程綜合化設(shè)置探微

80、The new framework embraces Ihe feolure of systematization, comprehensiveness and expansibility, which could provide foundafion for policy making and standards establishing. ─── 新的體系框架具有系統(tǒng)性、全面性和可擴(kuò)展性的優(yōu)點(diǎn),可為今后的政策制定和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編制提供依據(jù)。

81、In CLC indexing the following principles should be observed: the principles of accuracy and comprehensiveness, the principle of paying particular attention and the principle of classification. ─── 提出中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)標(biāo)引時(shí)應(yīng)遵循的原則：準(zhǔn)確性原則、全面性原則、側(cè)重性原則和歸類(lèi)性原則。

82、A comprehens've report of agronomic management practices for control yield loss of continueus and alternate-year soybean cropping ─── 控制重迎茬大豆減產(chǎn)農(nóng)藝措施的研究

83、Since there lies the difference between a composition and a speech.The first emphasize on its comprehensiveness while the last depends on the influence on people. ─── 作文和演講稿是有一定區(qū)別的，前者強(qiáng)調(diào)可讀性，后者則強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)聽(tīng)眾的影響力。

84、Analyse the principle of performance of evaluation : Comprehensiveness and rationality,oneness and materiality, practicablity and operation, system and criterion. ─── 分析了績(jī)效考核的原則：全面性與合理性，統(tǒng)一性與具體性，實(shí)用性與操作性，系統(tǒng)性與規(guī)范性。

85、ICD 10 is characterized by its newness, comprehensiveness and meticulousness. ─── ICD?10 的主要特點(diǎn)是新、全、細(xì)。

86、Building a new socialism countryside proposed in the new period has new characteristics of urgency and feasibility,comprehensiveness and protractedness,scientific and revolutionary. ─── 新時(shí)期所提出的“建設(shè)社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村”有著傳統(tǒng)政策的繼承性,但也有著其現(xiàn)實(shí)的新特點(diǎn),即緊迫性與可行性、綜合性與長(zhǎng)期性、科學(xué)性與革命性。

87、It describes the content of each system and gives an overview of sampling methodology, providing an evaluation of comprehensiveness rather than of quality of tools and methods. ─── 它介紹每個(gè)系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)容并提出抽樣調(diào)查方法的概觀，而且提供多樣化的評(píng)估，其品質(zhì)超越其他的工具和方法。

88、The Group for the Comprehens; ve DeveloPment of Havana ─── 哈瓦那綜合開(kāi)發(fā)集團(tuán)

89、2, the student uses various different way to show the achievement that self comprehensiveness studies. ─── 2、學(xué)生用各種不同方式表現(xiàn)自己綜合性學(xué)習(xí)的成果。

任意性與規(guī)約性的區(qū)別英文版？

1、任意性（arbitrariness）又叫任意武斷性、規(guī)約性，它包含兩個(gè)層面的意思：一個(gè)是任意，即能指和所指無(wú)邏輯聯(lián)系；另一個(gè)是武斷，即兩者的關(guān)系無(wú)需解釋?zhuān)巧鐣?huì)約定俗成的。與任意性相對(duì)的概念叫理?yè)?jù)性（motivation），它強(qiáng)調(diào)是符號(hào)能指和所指之間天然具有聯(lián)系，所以有時(shí)候任意性也叫無(wú)理?yè)?jù)性（immotivation）；

2、索緒爾提出的任意性主要針對(duì)的是語(yǔ)言詞匯系統(tǒng)。對(duì)于語(yǔ)言而言，能指是“音響形象”、所指是“概念”，而音響形象和概念之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系實(shí)際上是無(wú)理?yè)?jù)、任意武斷的。之所以"apple"能表示“蘋(píng)果”這個(gè)概念，不是因?yàn)閮烧咛烊挥惺裁绰?lián)系，只是因?yàn)槲覀円?guī)定它是，并且大家也都認(rèn)可而已。在不影響系統(tǒng)運(yùn)作的情況下，人們其實(shí)也可以換一個(gè)完全不同的詞來(lái)表示“蘋(píng)果”的概念；

3、任意性針對(duì)的是語(yǔ)言詞匯系統(tǒng)，而任意性能夠成立的關(guān)鍵其實(shí)正是在于“系統(tǒng)”。有任意性的符號(hào)因?yàn)楹鸵饬x之間沒(méi)有自然聯(lián)系，所以必須依靠系統(tǒng)才能表意。它具體又依托于系統(tǒng)的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)，一個(gè)是系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的成分是互相區(qū)分的，彼此不會(huì)重疊；另一個(gè)是系統(tǒng)內(nèi)各成分合起來(lái)能共同覆蓋全域，不會(huì)存在缺失。舉個(gè)例子，我們現(xiàn)在的交通信號(hào)燈用紅燈表示停、綠燈表示行，兩者構(gòu)成一個(gè)完成的指揮系統(tǒng)，且相互代表的意義是區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)的。假如我們把紅色換成紫色或者粉紅色，仍然不妨礙交通信號(hào)燈的運(yùn)行，這是即使替換一種顏色，系統(tǒng)覆蓋的全域依然是完整的，而系統(tǒng)中各成分的區(qū)分也依然存在，因此系統(tǒng)仍可以運(yùn)行。語(yǔ)言也是一樣，不同的語(yǔ)言覆蓋的意義范圍是大致相同的，而語(yǔ)言內(nèi)部各個(gè)詞匯之間又能相互區(qū)別，因此語(yǔ)言才具有能夠翻譯的可能性——這種“可翻譯”其實(shí)就是任意性的表現(xiàn)；

4、索緒爾強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言詞匯系統(tǒng)的任意性，但是他不是說(shuō)一切語(yǔ)言詞匯都是完全任意的，他自己就舉了兩種不完全任意的詞匯。一種是具有“語(yǔ)音理?yè)?jù)性”的象聲詞、感嘆詞；另一種有“組合理?yè)?jù)性”的復(fù)合詞，比如書(shū)和桌組成書(shū)桌；

5、應(yīng)該說(shuō)，任意性/規(guī)約性是任何語(yǔ)言詞匯都具備的特性，即使是剛才提到的象聲詞，同一種聲音在不同語(yǔ)言里也會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出不同形態(tài)，仍然具有一定的任意性。盡管如此，不同語(yǔ)言、不同詞匯在任意性的程度上仍然存在差異。換句話說(shuō)，任意性原則是普適的，但有任意性的符號(hào)不一定是完全任意的，它也可能具有理?yè)?jù)性；

6、索緒爾的語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論并沒(méi)有考慮文字，但由于任意性是所有符號(hào)都避不開(kāi)的一個(gè)特性，所以任意性原則對(duì)于文字也是適用的，即文字的能指“書(shū)寫(xiě)形式”和所指“語(yǔ)言”之間的同樣是任意武斷、約定俗成的關(guān)系。這點(diǎn)在拼音文字上尤其明顯，而中文作為世界上唯一仍在使用的非拼音文字則比較特殊。在漢字中，象形字、會(huì)意字、指事字、形聲字實(shí)際上都具有不同程度的理?yè)?jù)性，甚至可以說(shuō)對(duì)于有些漢字而言理?yè)?jù)性才是主導(dǎo)。但即使是最有理?yè)?jù)性的象形字，任意性也依然是存在的，從甲骨到簡(jiǎn)體，許多漢字的形態(tài)發(fā)生了巨大改變，意義卻依然保持，這就是任意性的一個(gè)體現(xiàn)。

comprehension所有形式？

理解力;領(lǐng)悟能力;(語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中的)理解練習(xí)(或訓(xùn)練)

復(fù)數(shù)comprehensions理解力;領(lǐng)悟能力;(語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中的)理解練習(xí)(或訓(xùn)練)

復(fù)數(shù)comprehensions理解力;領(lǐng)悟能力;(語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中的)理解練習(xí)(或訓(xùn)練)

復(fù)數(shù)comprehensions理解力;領(lǐng)悟能力;(語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中的)理解練習(xí)(或訓(xùn)練)

復(fù)數(shù)comprehensions