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Nessie是什么意思,Nessie中文翻譯,Nessie發(fā)音、用法及例句

2025-09-05 投稿

Nessie是什么意思,Nessie中文翻譯,Nessie發(fā)音、用法及例句

?Nessie

Nessie發(fā)音

[?nes?]

英:  美:

Nessie中文意思翻譯

n. <口>(英國蘇格蘭北部的)尼斯湖水怪

Nessie常見例句

1 、But Nessie isn't just an icon of the paranormal -- she's also an emblem of Scottish tourism.───尼斯湖位于英國蘇格蘭高原北部的大峽谷中,地處偏遠,地形崎嶇,兩岸陡峭,是英國最大淡水湖。

2 、ECRYPT is a four years information security project with wider scope,which was launched by Europe after NESSIE.───ECRYPT是繼NESSIE之后歐洲啟動的一個規(guī)模更大,為期四年的信息安全項目。

3 、Idea 3: Mark and Kathleen manage to convince the hunters that Nessie doesn't exist! How do they do this? What happens next?───想法三:馬克和凱薩琳成功地說服獵人尼西并不存在!他們是怎麼做到的?后來發(fā)生了什麼事?

4 、Sir Curt Godfrey|of the Nessie Alliance...───|保護尼斯湖怪物聯(lián)盟的Curt Godfrey先生...

5 、Idea 2: The hunters catch Nessie! Do Mark and Kathleen rescue it? How do they do it?───想法二:獵人抓到尼西了!馬克和凱薩琳會去救她嗎?他們會怎麼做?

6 、More than one slippery creature is said to be living in Loch Nessie.───據(jù)說尼斯湖里有不止一個令人難以捉摸的動物。

7 、To fuel the debate about the monster,perhaps also curiosity about the lake, a price of 500,000 pounds sterling has been put on Nessie's head.───如今它頭上有五十萬英鎊的懸賞,使得學術界的爭論日益激烈,或許也會令游人的好奇日盛吧。

8 、Nessie, Nessy───尼斯湖水怪獸

9 、They are Lamb, Tong, Vanvi, Diana and Nessie.───廢話少說,先把五個人點名。

10 、Most scientists agree that Nessie is neither a whale nor a shark.───大多數(shù)科學家一致認為"尼西"既不是鯨,也不是鯊魚。

11 、The Monster In Loch Nessie───尼斯湖怪獸

12 、Although no evidence exists to suggest the alleged creature's sex, the nickname "Nessie" sounds feminine, so the creature is often referred to as female.───雖無證據(jù)證明其性別,“尼斯”這一昵稱聽上去還是有些偏女性,因此這個生物經(jīng)常作為雌性引用。

13 、The original photo from 1933 of Nessie as the sea monster was called.The photo proved to be a fake.───但1933年尼斯湖怪的照片也信誓旦旦,最后證明,照片也是假的。

14 、I'd go round to see Nessie to try to find out what was up, and she'd beg me to persuade him to change his mind.───我會去看內茜,試圖發(fā)現(xiàn)究竟怎么了,而她哀求我勸說他改變主意。

15 、This wave of "wild man", one can not help but think of in recent years increasingly fashionable new term: "The tourist economy," also reminds me of the famous British "Nessie", "mystery.───如此一波又一波的“野人”消息,讓人不禁聯(lián)想起近些年日漸時髦的新名詞:“旅游經(jīng)濟”,還想起當年著名的英國“尼斯湖怪”之“謎”。

16 、The couple did not claim to have seen Nessie; instead others later assumed it must have been the creature and count it as a monster sighting.───但是這對夫婦并未聲稱他們看到的是尼斯湖水怪;而是后來其他人推測它應該就是水怪,將其視為一樁水怪目擊事件。

17 、Jason told the Sun: `I couldn`t believe it. It`s just like the descriptions of Nessie.───庫克在接受媒體采訪時表示:“我真的不敢相信自己的眼睛。這個東西與有關尼斯湖水怪的描述一模一樣?!?/p>

18 、I employ Sulloway's maxim every time I encounter Bigfoot hunters and Nessie seekers.───每當我遇上尋找大腳或妮西的人時,就提出薩洛威的箴言。

19 、Nessie enthusiasts believe the creature is a plesiosaur - an aquatic reptile that appeared at the start of the Jurassic period and is widely believed to be extinct.───尼斯湖水怪迷認為,這種動物應該是一種蛇頸龍。蛇頸龍是一種水生爬行動物,生活在侏羅紀初期,很多人認為它們早已滅絕。

20 、My nickname is 'Nessie' and people have been hunting me for generations.───我的昵稱是'尼斯湖水怪'和人民一直狩獵我的后代。

21 、SAFER++ is selected for further evaluation in NESSIE second phase. A technique which connects differential cryptanalysis and nonlinear cryptanalysis is used to attack 4,5 and 6 rounds of SAFER++.───SAFER + +是進入NESSIE第 2輪評估的 7個分組算法之一 采用差分密碼分析和非線性密碼分析相結合的方法對 4輪、5輪和 6輪SAFER + +進行分析 ,結果表明 :6輪SAFER + +對這種攻擊方法不免疫 ;

22 、Even close family members, taken reverently into the “Nessie room” in his Boston apartment or instructed never to be without cameras on Scottish holidays, could not quite understand his obsession.───他的家庭成員或是恭敬地參觀了他位于波士頓公寓的“尼斯湖水怪工作室”,或被要求蘇格蘭度假時必須帶上攝像機,但他們也無法完全了解他的癡迷。

23 、Nessie, my fave mystery! But I also love mermaids, think I can catch you and your pal?───美女3你總算回復了,我還以為你們對大自然的未知生物不感興趣呢!

24 、After a near fatal encounter with "Nessie" 30 years earlier, James Murphy believes he has finally tracked the creature across the globe to Lake superior.───30多年前,梅詹仕在一次意外中差點喪命,而在迷糊間竟看到像如同尼斯湖水怪一般的迷之生物。

25 、How did Nessie get into Loch Nessie?───"尼西"是怎么進入尼斯湖的呢?

26 、Idea 1: Kathleen manages to save Nessie from the hunters. How does she do it? How does Nessie thank her?───想法一:凱薩琳成功地讓尼西躲開獵人之手。她是怎麼做到的?尼西會怎麼感謝她?

27 、NESSIE project───NESSIE計劃

28 、To fuel the debate about the monster, and perhaps also curiosity about the lake, a price of 500,000 pounds sterling has been put on Nessie's head───如今它頭上有50萬英鎊的懸賞,更使得有關它的爭論熱烈起來,或許也會令游人對該湖的好奇日盛吧。

29 、But 1,500 years since the first reported sighting, the mystery of Nessie is bigger than ever.───又會訪問目擊者,了解他們眼中的尼斯湖水怪面貌及出沒情形。

30 、The 128-bit blick encryption algorithm Camellia is an NESSIE chosen al gorithm by Japanese cryptographers Shiho Moriai and Mitsuru Matsui.───Camellia算法是NESSIE選擇的一個128bit的分組加密算法,它與AES一起作為歐洲的加密標準。

31 、SAFER++ is submitted to the European pre-standardization project NESSIE and is one of the seven primitives-selected for the second phase of this project.───是歐洲信息工程的參選算法,并且是進入第2輪的7個候選算法之一。

32 、More than one slippery creature is said to be living in Loch Nessie[1][2]. In any case, people have reported seeing a humped "what-is-it" for over 30 years.───據(jù)說尼斯湖里有不止一個令人難以捉摸的動物。不管怎么說,30年來一直不斷有人報導見到了一個有駝峰般隆起的背部的"不知是什么"的動物。

33 、3 - Why does Nessie rarely surface?───3 -為何尼斯湖水怪很少表面?

34 、"As the most popular tourist attraction in Scotland, Nessie s influence on the cash flow of that country has been significant," wrote the authors of "The 101 most influential people who never lived.───作者在書中解釋道:“尼斯湖是蘇格蘭最受歡迎的旅游景點,它對大量資金流入當?shù)鼐哂信e足輕重的作用?!?/p>

35 、As the most popular tourist attraction in Scotland, Nessie's influence on the cash flow of that country has been significant,"wrote the authors of "───尼斯湖是蘇格蘭最受歡迎的旅游景點,它對大量資金流入當?shù)鼐哂信e足輕重的作用。

36 、On Current Development of NESSIE Block Cipher Candidates───簡評歐洲密碼大計劃的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

37 、Is it real or imaginary, this monster, which has been nicknamed Nessie, has collected a good 3000 sightings over the last 50 years?───真假姑且不論,這個昵稱尼西的怪獸在過去的半個世紀中已經(jīng)吸引了3000余名游客。

38 、To fuel the debate about the monster, and perhaps also curiosity about the lake, a price of 500,000 pounds sterling has been put on Nessie's head.───蘇格蘭人似乎生來就就喜歡與神秘事物生活在一起,篤信超自然的力量,因此才有了這些世代相傳的傳說和幽靈。

39 、In response to the obligatory next question, he reports that the famous "Nessie" is a beautiful soul, really quite personable and fond of chocolates.───在回應的強制性接下來的問題,他報告說,著名的“尼斯湖水怪”是一個美麗的靈魂,實在personable和喜歡巧克力。

40 、Nessie is usually categorized as a type of lake monster.───尼斯湖水怪通常被認為是一種湖中的怪物。

41 、The couple did not claim to have seen Nessie;───但是這對夫婦并未聲稱他們看到的是尼斯湖水怪;

42 、"As the most popular tourist attraction in Scotland, Nessie's influence on the cash flow of that country has been significant," wrote the authors of "The 101 most influential people who never lived.───他們的影響無處不在,從人們的衣食住行到言談舉止,甚至影響了歷史進程,但他們在現(xiàn)實生活中并不存在。

密碼學的學科分類

Autokey密碼

置換密碼

二字母組代替密碼 (by Charles Wheatstone)

多字母替換密碼

希爾密碼

維吉尼亞密碼

替換式密碼

凱撒密碼

摩爾斯電碼

ROT13

仿射密碼

Atbash密碼

換位密碼

Scytale

Grille密碼

VIC密碼 (一種復雜的手工密碼,在五十年代早期被至少一名蘇聯(lián)**使用過,在當時是十分安全的)

流密碼

LFSR流密碼

EIGamal密碼

RSA密碼

對傳統(tǒng)密碼學的攻擊

頻率分析

重合指數(shù)

經(jīng)典密碼學

在近代以前,密碼學只考慮到信息的機密性(confidentiality):如何將可理解的信息轉換成難以理解的信息,并且使得有秘密信息的人能夠逆向回復,但缺乏秘密信息的**者或**者則無法解讀。近數(shù)十年來,這個領域已經(jīng)擴展到涵蓋身分認證(或稱鑒權)、信息完整性檢查、數(shù)字簽名、互動證明、安全多方計算等各類技術。

古中國周朝兵書《六韜.龍韜》也記載了密碼學的運用,其中的《陰符》和《陰書》便記載了周武王問姜子牙關于征戰(zhàn)時與主將通訊的方式: 太公曰:“主與將,有陰符,凡八等。有大勝克敵之符,長一尺。破軍擒將之符,長九寸。降城得邑之符,長八寸。卻敵報遠之符,長七寸。警眾堅守之符,長六寸。請糧益兵之符,長五寸。敗軍亡將之符,長四寸。失利亡士之符,長三寸。諸奉使行符,稽留,若符事聞,泄告者,皆誅之。八符者,主將秘聞,所以陰通言語,不泄中外相知之術。敵雖圣智,莫之能識?!?/p>

武王問太公曰:“… 符不能明;相去遼遠,言語不通。為之奈何?”

太公曰:“諸有陰事大慮,當用書,不用符。主以書遺將,將以書問主。書皆一合而再離,三發(fā)而一知。再離者,分書為三部。三發(fā)而一知者,言三人,人操一分,相參而不相知情也。此謂陰書。敵雖圣智,莫之能識?!? 陰符是以八等長度的符來表達不同的消息和指令,可算是密碼學中的替代法(en:substitution),把信息轉變成敵人看不懂的符號。至于陰書則運用了移位法,把書一分為三,分三人傳遞,要把三份書重新拼合才能獲得還原的信息。

除了應用于軍事外,公元四世紀婆羅門學者伐蹉衍那(en:Vatsyayana) 所書的《欲經(jīng)》4 中曾提及到用代替法加密信息。書中第45項是秘密書信(en:mlecchita-vikalpa) ,用以幫助婦女隱瞞她們與愛郞之間的關系。其中一種方法是把字母隨意配對互換,如套用在羅馬字母中,可有得出下表: A B C D E F G H I J K L M Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N 由經(jīng)典加密法產(chǎn)生的密碼文很容易泄漏關于明文的統(tǒng)計信息,以現(xiàn)代觀點其實很容易被破解。阿拉伯人津帝(en:al-Kindi)便提及到如果要破解加密信息,可在一篇至少一頁長的文章中數(shù)算出每個字母出現(xiàn)的頻率,在加密信件中也數(shù)算出每個符號的頻率,然后互相對換,這是頻率分析的前身,此后幾乎所有此類的密碼都馬上被破解。但經(jīng)典密碼學仍未消失,經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在謎語之中(見en:cryptogram)。這種分析法除了被用在破解密碼法外,也常用于考古學上。在破解古埃及象形文字(en:Hieroglyphs)時便運用了這種解密法。 標準機構

the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication program (run by NIST to produce standards in many areas to guide operations of the US Federal government; many FIPS Pubs are cryptography related,ongoing)

the ANSI standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related,ongoing)

ISO standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related,ongoing)

IEEE standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related,ongoing)

IETF standardization process (produces many standards (called RFCs) in many areas; some are cryptography related,ongoing)

See Cryptography standards

加密組織

NSA internal evaluation/selections (surely extensive,nothing is publicly known of the process or its results for internal use; NSA is charged with assisting NIST in its cryptographic responsibilities)

GCHQ internal evaluation/selections (surely extensive,nothing is publicly known of the process or its results for GCHQ use; a division of GCHQ is charged with developing and recommending cryptographic standards for the UK government)

DSD Australian SIGINT agency - part of ECHELON

Communications Security Establishment (CSE) - Canadian intelligence agency.

努力成果

the DES selection (NBS selection process,ended 1976)

the RIPE division of the RACE project (sponsored by the European Union,ended mid-'80s)

the AES competition (a 'break-off' sponsored by NIST; ended 2001)

the NESSIE Project (evaluation/selection program sponsored by the European Union; ended 2002)

the CRYPTREC program (Japanese government sponsored evaluation/recommendation project; draft recommendations published 2003)

the Internet Engineering Task Force (technical body responsible for Internet standards -- the Request for Comment series: ongoing)

the CrypTool project (eLearning programme in English and German; freeware; exhaustive educational tool about cryptography and cryptanalysis)

加密散列函數(shù) (消息摘要算法,MD算法) 

加密散列函數(shù)

消息認證碼

Keyed-hash message authentication code

EMAC (NESSIE selection MAC)

HMAC (NESSIE selection MAC; ISO/IEC 9797-1,FIPS and IETF RFC)

TTMAC 也稱 Two-Track-MAC (NESSIE selection MAC; K.U.Leuven (Belgium) & debis AG (Germany))

UMAC (NESSIE selection MAC; Intel,UNevada Reno,IBM,Technion,& UCal Davis)

MD5 (系列消息摘要算法之一,由MIT的Ron Rivest教授提出; 128位摘要)

SHA-1 (NSA開發(fā)的160位摘要,F(xiàn)IPS標準之一;第一個發(fā)行發(fā)行版本被發(fā)現(xiàn)有缺陷而被該版本代替; NIST/NSA 已經(jīng)發(fā)布了幾個具有更長'摘要'長度的變種; CRYPTREC推薦 (limited))

SHA-256 (NESSIE 系列消息摘要算法,F(xiàn)IPS標準之一180-2,摘要長度256位 CRYPTREC recommendation)

SHA-384 (NESSIE 列消息摘要算法,F(xiàn)IPS標準之一180-2,摘要長度384位; CRYPTREC recommendation)

SHA-512 (NESSIE 列消息摘要算法,F(xiàn)IPS標準之一180-2,摘要長度512位; CRYPTREC recommendation)

RIPEMD-160 (在歐洲為 RIPE 項目開發(fā),160位摘要;CRYPTREC 推薦 (limited))

Tiger (by Ross Anderson et al)

Snefru

Whirlpool (NESSIE selection hash function,Scopus Tecnologia S.A. (Brazil) & K.U.Leuven (Belgium))

公/私鑰加密算法(也稱 非對稱性密鑰算法)

ACE-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; IBM Zurich Research)

ACE Encrypt

Chor-Rivest

Diffie-Hellman(key agreement; CRYPTREC 推薦)

El Gamal (離散對數(shù))

ECC(橢圓曲線密碼算法) (離散對數(shù)變種)

PSEC-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; NTT (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation only in DEM construction w/SEC1 parameters) )

ECIES (Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption System; Certicom Corp)

ECIES-KEM

ECDH (橢圓曲線Diffie-Hellman 密鑰協(xié)議; CRYPTREC推薦)

EPOC

Merkle-Hellman (knapsack scheme)

McEliece

NTRUEncrypt

RSA (因數(shù)分解)

RSA-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; ISO/IEC 18033-2 draft)

RSA-OAEP (CRYPTREC 推薦)

Rabin cryptosystem (因數(shù)分解)

Rabin-SAEP

HIME(R)

XTR

公/私鑰簽名算法

DSA(zh:數(shù)字簽名;zh-tw:數(shù)位簽章算法) (來自NSA,zh:數(shù)字簽名;zh-tw:數(shù)位簽章標準(DSS)的一部分; CRYPTREC 推薦)

Elliptic Curve DSA (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme; Certicom Corp); CRYPTREC recommendation as ANSI X9.62,SEC1)

Schnorr signatures

RSA簽名

RSA-PSS (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme; RSA Laboratories); CRYPTREC recommendation)

RSASSA-PKCS1 v1.5 (CRYPTREC recommendation)

Nyberg-Rueppel signatures

MQV protocol

Gennaro-Halevi-Rabin signature scheme

Cramer-Shoup signature scheme

One-time signatures

Lamport signature scheme

Bos-Chaum signature scheme

Undeniable signatures

Chaum-van Antwerpen signature scheme

Fail-stop signatures

Ong-Schnorr-Shamir signature scheme

Birational permutation scheme

ESIGN

ESIGN-D

ESIGN-R

Direct anonymous attestation

NTRUSign用于移動設備的公鑰加密算法,密鑰比較短小但也能達到高密鑰ECC的加密效果

SFLASH (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme (esp for smartcard applications and similar); Schlumberger (France))

Quartz

秘密鑰算法 (也稱 對稱性密鑰算法)

流密碼

A5/1,A5/2 (GSM移動**標準中指定的密碼標準)

BMGL

Chameleon

FISH (by Siemens AG)

二戰(zhàn)'Fish'密碼

Geheimfernschreiber (二戰(zhàn)時期Siemens AG的機械式一次一密密碼,被布萊奇利(Bletchley)莊園稱為STURGEON)

Schlusselzusatz (二戰(zhàn)時期 Lorenz的機械式一次一密密碼,被布萊奇利(Bletchley)莊園稱為[[tunny)

HELIX

ISAAC (作為偽隨機數(shù)發(fā)生器使用)

Leviathan (cipher)

LILI-128

MUG1 (CRYPTREC 推薦使用)

MULTI-S01 (CRYPTREC 推薦使用)

一次一密 (Vernam and Mauborgne,patented mid-'20s; an extreme stream cypher)

Panama

Pike (improvement on FISH by Ross Anderson)

RC4 (ARCFOUR) (one of a series by Prof Ron Rivest of MIT; CRYPTREC 推薦使用 (limited to 128-bit key))

CipherSaber (RC4 variant with 10 byte random IV,易于實現(xiàn))

SEAL

SNOW

SOBER

SOBER-t16

SOBER-t32

WAKE

分組密碼

分組密碼操作模式

乘積密碼

Feistel cipher (由Horst Feistel提出的分組密碼設計模式)

Advanced Encryption Standard (分組長度為128位; NIST selection for the AES,FIPS 197,2001 -- by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen; NESSIE selection; CRYPTREC 推薦使用)

Anubis (128-bit block)

BEAR (由流密碼和Hash函數(shù)構造的分組密碼,by Ross Anderson)

Blowfish (分組長度為128位; by Bruce Schneier,et al)

Camellia (分組長度為128位; NESSIE selection (NTT & Mitsubishi Electric); CRYPTREC 推薦使用)

CAST-128 (CAST5) (64 bit block; one of a series of algorithms by Carlisle Adams and Stafford Tavares,who are insistent (indeed,adamant) that the name is not due to their initials)

CAST-256 (CAST6) (128位分組長度; CAST-128的后繼者,AES的競爭者之一)

CIPHERUNICORN-A (分組長度為128位; CRYPTREC 推薦使用)

CIPHERUNICORN-E (64 bit block; CRYPTREC 推薦使用 (limited))

CMEA - 在美國移動**中使用的密碼,被發(fā)現(xiàn)有弱點.

CS-Cipher (64位分組長度)

DESzh:數(shù)字;zh-tw:數(shù)位加密標準(64位分組長度; FIPS 46-3,1976)

DEAL - 由DES演變來的一種AES候選算法

DES-X 一種DES變種,增加了密鑰長度.

FEAL

GDES -一個DES派生,被設計用來提高加密速度.

Grand Cru (128位分組長度)

Hierocrypt-3 (128位分組長度; CRYPTREC 推薦使用))

Hierocrypt-L1 (64位分組長度; CRYPTREC 推薦使用 (limited))

International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) (64位分組長度--蘇黎世ETH的James Massey & X Lai)

Iraqi Block Cipher (IBC)

KASUMI (64位分組長度; 基于MISTY1,被用于下一代W-CDMAcellular phone 保密)

KHAZAD (64-bit block designed by Barretto and Rijmen)

Khufu and Khafre (64位分組密碼)

LOKI89/91 (64位分組密碼)

LOKI97 (128位分組長度的密碼,AES候選者)

Lucifer (by Tuchman et al of IBM,early 1970s; modified by NSA/NBS and released as DES)

MAGENTA (AES 候選者)

Mars (AES finalist,by Don Coppersmith et al)

MISTY1 (NESSIE selection 64-bit block; Mitsubishi Electric (Japan); CRYPTREC 推薦使用 (limited))

MISTY2 (分組長度為128位:Mitsubishi Electric (Japan))

Nimbus (64位分組)

Noekeon (分組長度為128位)

NUSH (可變分組長度(64 - 256位))

Q (分組長度為128位)

RC2 64位分組,密鑰長度可變.

RC6 (可變分組長度; AES finalist,by Ron Rivest et al)

RC5 (by Ron Rivest)

SAFER (可變分組長度)

SC2000 (分組長度為128位; CRYPTREC 推薦使用)

Serpent (分組長度為128位; AES finalist by Ross Anderson,Eli Biham,Lars Knudsen)

SHACAL-1 (256-bit block)

SHACAL-2 (256-bit block cypher; NESSIE selection Gemplus (France))

Shark (grandfather of Rijndael/AES,by Daemen and Rijmen)

Square (father of Rijndael/AES,by Daemen and Rijmen)

3-Way (96 bit block by Joan Daemen)

TEA(小型加密算法)(by David Wheeler & Roger Needham)

Triple DES (by Walter Tuchman,leader of the Lucifer design team -- not all triple uses of DES increase security,Tuchman's does; CRYPTREC 推薦使用 (limited),only when used as in FIPS Pub 46-3)

Twofish (分組長度為128位; AES finalist by Bruce Schneier,et al)

XTEA (by David Wheeler & Roger Needham)

多表代替密碼機密碼

Enigma (二戰(zhàn)德國轉輪密碼機--有很多變種,多數(shù)變種有很大的用戶網(wǎng)絡)

紫密(Purple) (二戰(zhàn)日本外交最高等級密碼機;日本海軍設計)

SIGABA (二戰(zhàn)美國密碼機,由William Friedman,Frank Rowlett,等人設計)

TypeX (二戰(zhàn)英國密碼機)

Hybrid code/cypher combinations

JN-25 (二戰(zhàn)日本海軍的高級密碼; 有很多變種)

Naval Cypher 3 (30年代和二戰(zhàn)時期英國**海軍的高級密碼)

可視密碼

有密級的 密碼 (美國)

EKMS NSA的電子密鑰管理系統(tǒng)

FNBDT NSA的加密窄帶話音標準

Fortezza encryption based on portable crypto token in PC Card format

KW-26 ROMULUS 電傳加密機(1960s - 1980s)

KY-57 VINSON 戰(zhàn)術電臺語音加密

SINCGARS 密碼控制跳頻的戰(zhàn)術電臺

STE 加密**

STU-III 較老的加密**

TEMPEST prevents compromising emanations

Type 1 products

雖然頻率分析是很有效的技巧,實際上加密法通常還是有用的。不使用頻率分析來破解一個信息需要知道是使用何種加密法,因此才會促成了諜報、賄賂、竊盜或背叛等行為。直到十九世紀學者們才體認到加密法的算法并非理智或實在的防護。實際上,適當?shù)拿艽a學機制(包含加解密法)應該保持安全,即使敵人知道了使用何種算法。對好的加密法來說,鑰匙的秘密性理應足以保障資料的機密性。這個原則首先由奧古斯特·柯克霍夫(Auguste Kerckhoffs)提出并被稱為柯克霍夫原則(Kerckhoffs' principle)。信息論始祖克勞德·艾爾伍德·香農(nóng)(Claude Shannon)重述:“敵人知道系統(tǒng)?!?/p>

大量的公開學術研究出現(xiàn),是現(xiàn)代的事,這起源于一九七零年代中期,美國國家標準局(National Bureau of Standards,NBS;現(xiàn)稱國家標準技術研究所,National|Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)制定數(shù)字加密標準(DES),Diffie和Hellman提出的開創(chuàng)性論文,以及公開釋出RSA。從那個時期開始,密碼學成為通訊、電腦網(wǎng)絡、電腦安全等上的重要工具。許多現(xiàn)代的密碼技術的基礎依賴于特定基算問題的困難度,例如因子分解問題或是離散對數(shù)問題。許多密碼技術可被證明為只要特定的計算問題無法被有效的解出,那就安全。除了一個著名的例外:一次墊(one-time pad,OTP),這類證明是偶然的而非決定性的,但是是目前可用的最好的方式。

密碼學算法與系統(tǒng)設計者不但要留意密碼學歷史,而且必須考慮到未來發(fā)展。例如,持續(xù)增加計算機處理速度會增進暴力攻擊法(brute-force attacks)的速度。量子計算的潛在效應已經(jīng)是部份密碼學家的焦點。

二十世紀早期的密碼學本質上主要考慮語言學上的模式。從此之后重心轉移,數(shù)論。密碼學同時也是工程學的分支,但卻是與別不同,因為它必須面對有智能且惡意的對手,大部分其他的工程僅需處理無惡意的自然力量。檢視密碼學問題與量子物理間的關連也是熱門的研究。

現(xiàn)代密碼學大致可被區(qū)分為數(shù)個領域。對稱鑰匙密碼學指的是傳送方與接收方都擁有相同的鑰匙。直到1976年這都還是唯一的公開加密法。

現(xiàn)代的研究主要在分組密碼(block cipher)與流密碼(stream cipher)及其應用。分組密碼在某種意義上是阿伯提的多字符加密法的現(xiàn)代化。分組密碼取用明文的一個區(qū)塊和鑰匙,輸出相同大小的密文區(qū)塊。由于信息通常比單一區(qū)塊還長,因此有了各種方式將連續(xù)的區(qū)塊編織在一起。DES和AES是美國聯(lián)邦政府核定的分組密碼標準(AES將取代DES)。盡管將從標準上廢除,DES依然很流行(3DES變形仍然相當安全),被使用在非常多的應用上,從自動交易機、電子郵件到遠端存取。也有許多其他的區(qū)塊加密被發(fā)明、釋出,品質與應用上各有不同,其中不乏被破解者。

流密碼,相對于區(qū)塊加密,制造一段任意長的鑰匙原料,與明文依位元或字符結合,有點類似一次一密密碼本(one-time pad)。輸出的串流根據(jù)加密時的內部狀態(tài)而定。在一些流密碼上由鑰匙控制狀態(tài)的變化。RC4是相當有名的流密碼。

密碼雜湊函數(shù)(有時稱作消息摘要函數(shù),雜湊函數(shù)又稱散列函數(shù)或哈希函數(shù))不一定使用到鑰匙,但和許多重要的密碼算法相關。它將輸入資料(通常是一整份文件)輸出成較短的固定長度雜湊值,這個過程是單向的,逆向操作難以完成,而且碰撞(兩個不同的輸入產(chǎn)生相同的雜湊值)發(fā)生的機率非常小。

信息認證碼或押碼(Message authentication codes,MACs)很類似密碼雜湊函數(shù),除了接收方額外使用秘密鑰匙來認證雜湊值。

女生英文名 要chri開頭的,或n開頭的。跪求,快點吧~

Chris

或者

Nancy

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