?resiliency

resiliency發(fā)音

[ri'ziliənsi]

英：　　美：

resiliency中文意思翻譯

n. 跳回(回彈, 彈力, 彈性變形, 沖擊值)

resiliency詞形變化

動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞: resiling | 動(dòng)詞過去分詞: resiled | 動(dòng)詞過去式: resiled | 動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù): resiles |

resiliency常見例句

1 、Focus on Robust Security, Resiliency and Converged Unified Networking───致力于豐富的安全性、彈性和融合統(tǒng)一的網(wǎng)絡(luò)

2 、Regular testing of gasket resiliency and inspection at Receiving due to sensitivity to inconsistent quality.───由于質(zhì)量差異導(dǎo)致靈敏性差異,因此需要經(jīng)常進(jìn)行密封墊彈性測(cè)試和檢查接受性。

3 、Four extreme conditions were utilized to determine the maximum surface areas of heaters,coolers and heat exchangers so that resiliency of the network was enough.───在彈性結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)上，用4種極端條件確定網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的加熱器、冷卻器及換熱器的最大換熱面積，以使換熱網(wǎng)絡(luò)具有足夠的彈性。

4 、In this paper,based on the discrete memoryless source model,the error resiliency of variable length codes(VLC) is analyzed.───基于離散無記憶信源模型,分析了變長(zhǎng)碼的抗誤碼**概率。

5 、To me, that's a symbol of resilience.─── 對(duì)我來說 那是抗?fàn)幍南笳?/p>

6 、ecological resiliency───生態(tài)恢復(fù)力

7 、The great strength and resiliency of the body will be much better understood;───身體的偉大力量和彈性會(huì)得以更好的理解；

8 、2 Hisashi T,Yoshikazu M.Fiber finishes providing good softness, smoothness, durability,resiliency,and handle.JP 08-302573(1996),(CA 126:p119024───3胡春野，趙東宇，江英彥．氯鉑酸-三苯基膦體系催化硅氫加成反應(yīng)的研究．催化學(xué)報(bào)，1989；10(2)：213

9 、Given the currently benign conjunctural situation, increased attention should be given to fundamental changes that could improve the resiliency of the international financial system to future shocks.───在目前溫和的局面下，需要更多地注意那些可以提高國(guó)際金融體制對(duì)今后各種沖擊恢復(fù)力的根本性變化。

10 、Finishing technology of polyester/rayon blended fabric with siliceous ep oxy resin EPSIB was discussed.The resiliency,K/S value and style of finishe d fabric were measured.───討論了含硅環(huán)氧樹脂EPSIB整理滌粘織物的工藝,測(cè)試了整理織物的彈性、K/S值和風(fēng)格。

11 、These stalwart computers have always had plenty of resiliency built into the system through standard features such as redundancy and memory protection.───這些可靠的系統(tǒng)始終都具有通過諸如內(nèi)嵌于系統(tǒng)中的冗余度和存儲(chǔ)器保護(hù)等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)特性而實(shí)現(xiàn)的高可恢復(fù)性。

12 、Additionally, the installation should be self healing, also known as resiliency, if the installation is damaged.───如果損壞安裝此外,安裝應(yīng)該self healing,稱為復(fù)原

13 、marked by the tone and resiliency of healthy tissue───以組織的健康狀態(tài)和彈性為特點(diǎn)

14 、What is so impressive about Game Three is that Detroit displayed a tremendous amount of resiliency and veteran leadership.───在這關(guān)鍵的第三場(chǎng)，活塞展示了他堅(jiān)韌的氣質(zhì)和球隊(duì)領(lǐng)袖沉著冷靜的掌控能力。

15 、error resiliency───抗誤碼**

16 、She credits the stories with helping her daughter, now 12, develop resiliency and the ability to 'hold herself together' against challenges.───弗里曼認(rèn)為這個(gè)故事對(duì)女兒的成長(zhǎng)起到了幫助，如今12歲的女兒不僅能承受打擊，也樂于迎接各種挑戰(zhàn)。

17 、These, he said, had “strengthened the efficiency and resiliency of the overall financial system.───他說這些已經(jīng)“增強(qiáng)了整個(gè)金融系統(tǒng)的效率和彈性?！?/p>

18 、Migraines can also be characterized in terms of flexibility and resiliency.───偏頭痛也可以說是大腦彈性和機(jī)動(dòng)性方面的問題。

19 、The benefits of OFDM are high-spectral efficiency, resiliency to RF interference, and lowermultipath distortion.───OFDM的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是高頻譜效率，避免RF干擾以及低多徑失真。

20 、A new scheme was proposed, which utilized permutation encoding and PPCT.The new scheme took the advantage of PPCT, which had a high resiliency, and of permutation encoding, which had high data rate.───該方案利用了PPCT編碼糾錯(cuò)能力強(qiáng)、抗攻擊性能好的特點(diǎn)，同時(shí)也兼顧了排列圖編碼方法編碼率高、編碼范圍廣的特點(diǎn)。

21 、The U.N. report finds that economies in transition, particularly in Eastern Europe and Russia, have shown some resiliency in weathering the global turndown.───聯(lián)合國(guó)的這份報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，經(jīng)濟(jì)上正處于過渡時(shí)期的國(guó)家，尤其是東歐國(guó)家和俄羅斯，在渡過全球蕭條的過程中表現(xiàn)出某種反彈力。

22 、Or, if you want to ensure failover resiliency, create multiple SMTP connectors scoped with the same address space, different costs, and different source bridgeheads.───或者,如果要確保故障轉(zhuǎn)移彈性,請(qǐng)創(chuàng)建多個(gè)SMTP連接器,并將相同的地址空間、不同的開銷和不同的源橋頭作為作用域。

23 、Stream-oriented operators provide resiliency to imperfections in datastreams, caused by out-of-order or delayed data arrivals, both of which occur frequently in real-world scenarios.───面向流的操作符對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)流中因次序破壞或數(shù)據(jù)達(dá)到的延誤造成的破壞提供了彈性，而這兩種情況在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中是經(jīng)常發(fā)生的。

24 、China's past is distinguished by more than longevity, resiliency, and culture.───中國(guó)的過去不僅以歷史悠久,富有韌性和文化燦爛而著稱。

25 、Heat setting gives cloth resistance to wrinkling during wear and the ease- of- care properties that may be attributed to improvements in resiliency and elasticity.───經(jīng)過熱定形的織物在使用時(shí)能夠抗折皺,可以免燙,其原因是纖維的回彈性和彈性的改變。

26 、Keywords polytrimethylene terephthalate fiber;polyethylene terephthalate fiber;heat treatment;mechanical properties;resiliency;───聚對(duì)苯二甲酸丙二酯纖維;聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二酯纖維;熱處理;力學(xué)性能;回彈性;

27 、I, too, am resilient, and I'm tired of being oppressed.─── 我也很反叛 也受夠了被壓迫

28 、Like coral pounded by the sea,we grow.Physical demands can cause us to grow stronger.Emotional stress can produce tough-mindedness and resiliency.───我們就像海里被沖擊的珊瑚一樣成長(zhǎng).體格上的要求使我們更強(qiáng)壯,感情上的壓力使我們堅(jiān)韌豁達(dá).精神上的考驗(yàn)使我們擁有人格魅力和忠誠(chéng).

29 、He was strong, resilient... a perfect host.─── 他強(qiáng)壯 堅(jiān)韌 是個(gè)完美的宿主

30 、Gasket resiliency tested regularly and inspected at receiving due to sensitivity to variations of quality.───由于質(zhì)量的波動(dòng)的影響，所接收的密封墊彈性需要進(jìn)行定期地測(cè)試和檢查。

31 、What companies need is a metropolitan Ethernet architecture with the resiliency of SONET but with significant network efficiencies for packet-based services.───公司所需要的是城域以太網(wǎng)的架構(gòu)加上 SONET的彈性，但要具有適合基于分組服務(wù)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)高效率。

32 、77. Some rules help you create and maintain resiliency,───有些規(guī)則可幫助你創(chuàng)建和維護(hù)彈性，

33 、Whatever endeavor you wish to pursue takes dogged determination, resiliency, and getting your hands dirty in order to succeed.───無論你想追求的奮斗需鍥而不舍、韌性、搓揉骯臟為了獲得成功。

34 、About his body there was a peculiar springiness, or resiliency, almost catlike, and a quick alertness as of one who lived in perpetual fear of things seen and unseen.───他身上有一種像貓一樣的彈力或反彈力，還有一種總處于對(duì)看得見及看不見的事物的恐懼之中的人才有的敏銳的警覺。

35 、Some SVLC possessed stronger error resiliency than that of traditional VLC.───某些SVLC的抗誤碼**能力比傳統(tǒng)變長(zhǎng)碼強(qiáng)。

36 、The resiliency of the seal allows the valve body and disc to contract or expand, without the risk of jamming due to temperature fluctuations.───密封的彈性使得閥門閥體和閥瓣能夠接觸或擴(kuò)張，避免了由于溫度波動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生堵塞的危險(xiǎn)。

37 、Construction of Resilient Functions with Maximal Resiliency───極大彈性函數(shù)的構(gòu)造

38 、An information fragmentating algorithm based resilient function in computational resiliency───一種在計(jì)算彈性中基于彈性函數(shù)的信息分割算法

39 、Yeah, they are resilient, but they shouldn't have to be.─── 是的 他們恢復(fù)能力很強(qiáng) 但他們不必如此

40 、I share Secretary Paulson's confidence in the resiliency, flexibility and strength of our economy and our capital markets.───我贊同財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)鮑爾森（Paulson）對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況和資本市場(chǎng)的反彈，靈活性以及走強(qiáng)的信心。

41 、i am firmly convinced that success cannot be achieved without teamwork. As harmonious teamwork and nice interpersonal skills ensure the passion for work as well as resiliency for stress.───本人堅(jiān)信只有團(tuán)隊(duì)精神才可以成就事業(yè)，良好的團(tuán)隊(duì)精神以及良好的人際關(guān)系，使的工作起來更加和諧更加激情，性格誠(chéng)懇，可以承受較大工作壓力！！

42 、What worries me about the stench coming from Corporate America is not its impact on the economy,because America's resiliency is awesome.───美國(guó)公司丑聞令我擔(dān)心的不是它對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)有著驚人的彈性。

43 、"Our global business has shown real strength and resiliency this year," said Alticor Chairman Steve Van Andel.───“我們的全球業(yè)務(wù)表現(xiàn)出真正的實(shí)力和彈性，今年說：”安達(dá)高董事長(zhǎng)史蒂夫溫安洛。

44 、After finishing with EPSIB,the resiliency and style of th e fabric were improved.EPSIB can enhance deep shade of fabric dyeing with blende d dyes.───EPSIB對(duì)滌粘中長(zhǎng)織物彈性提高明顯,對(duì)其混紡染料染色有較好的增深作用,織物風(fēng)格也有顯著改善,對(duì)滌粘中長(zhǎng)織物有十分明顯的仿毛效果。

45 、This stabilization can assist many earthquake-affected individuals to access their own resiliency and coping skills thus regaining a higher level of functioning.───這心理安定技巧可以協(xié)助許多受地震影響的個(gè)體貫通自己的抗逆力和應(yīng)付技能從而返回高水平的自身能力。

46 、Consumer resiliency is justified by two key supports: rising payrolls, which are generating more income, and increasing wealth, which also boosts households' ability to spend and borrow.───消費(fèi)反彈受到了兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素支持：工資增長(zhǎng)和財(cái)富增加，前者帶來了更多的收入，而后者促進(jìn)了家庭消費(fèi)和借款的能力。

47 、This demonstrated that the resiliency model is a good tool for assessing families in crisis and planning nursing care in order to facilitate the family's successful bonadaptation.───本研究結(jié)果顯示復(fù)原力模式適用于評(píng)估處于危機(jī)狀態(tài)之家庭，并作為協(xié)助家庭導(dǎo)向調(diào)整良好照護(hù)之依據(jù)。

48 、Containing the natural herbaceous essence and the multiple-effect treatment ingredient, provides an intensive, uninterrupted moisture treatment, firming your skin, increasing resiliency.───蘊(yùn)涵天然草本精華及多效修護(hù)成分，有效滲透肌膚內(nèi)層，平衡水分，補(bǔ)充肌膚所需營(yíng)養(yǎng)。令肌膚清爽潤(rùn)澤，富有彈性。

49 、By using the probability distribution in perfect condition,the error resiliency of synchronized variable length codes(SVLC) is counted.───利用在理想條件下的概率分布,計(jì)算了同步變長(zhǎng)碼的抗誤碼**概率。

50 、it's not about talent arm up it's about resilience.─── 重要的不是天賦 抬起胳膊 而是韌性

51 、It's amazing how resilient the hosts are.─── 接待員的復(fù)原能力真是不可思議

52 、High resiliency, easy to pucker and non-brittleness.───富有彈性，易于折疊，非脆性。

53 、Army Unit Resiliency Analysis───陸軍設(shè)備彈性分析

54 、Drawing on their resilience, ingenuity and teamwork.─── 多虧它們的韌性 機(jī)智 和團(tuán)隊(duì)合作

55 、In Exchange 2007, site resiliency is provided in the product.───在Exchange 2007中,此產(chǎn)品提供了站點(diǎn)彈性。

56 、Collagen and elastin provide the strength and resiliency of connective tissues such as skin and ligaments───膠原和彈性蛋白使象皮膚和韌帶這樣的結(jié)締組織具有韌性和彈性。

57 、resiliency of Internet topology───網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)鋸椥?/p>

58 、The resiliency and structure of expanded graphite molded packing are not affected by chemical attack, consequently it provides effective seal without any torque loss.───膨脹石墨填料環(huán)的回彈性和結(jié)構(gòu)將不會(huì)被化學(xué)介質(zhì)所侵蝕。能提供有效的密封作用，并無任何螺栓扭矩?fù)p失。

59 、marked by the tone and resiliency of healthy tissue.───以組織的健康狀態(tài)和彈性為特點(diǎn)。

60 、Resiliency is individual s capability to cover difficulties and make a good adaptation.This research reviews the researches on resiliency abroad.───復(fù)原力是指?jìng)€(gè)體從創(chuàng)傷經(jīng)歷以及壓力性情景中成功應(yīng)對(duì)并良好適應(yīng)的一種能力。

61 、Setup the LAN/WAN and establish network resiliency in the network design.───設(shè)置LAN/WAN及建立網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計(jì)中網(wǎng)路彈性化。

62 、The policy-managed functions of the DataSynapse GridServer were employed to handle application workload servicing, resiliency, and service provisioning.───這里利用了DataSynapse GridServer的策略管理功能來處理應(yīng)用程序負(fù)載的服務(wù)、調(diào)節(jié)和服務(wù)配置。

63 、You are resilient and *art and creative and driven.─── 你適應(yīng)力強(qiáng) 聰明有創(chuàng)意 會(huì)發(fā)憤圖強(qiáng)

64 、EHC Global polyurethane rollers offer greater resiliency and wear resistance than plastic or rubber rollers.───依合斯提供的聚氨酯滾輪比起塑料和橡膠滾輪更具彈性和耐磨性。

65 、Development and Application of Series TN High Resiliency Thermal-Bonded Nonwoven Interlinings Substrates───TN系列高彈熱軋非織造襯基布的開發(fā)與應(yīng)用

66 、It helps you create a well-designed structural foundation that fosters business resiliency, enables you to meet business goals, and keeps you ahead of the competition.───它還幫助您生成設(shè)計(jì)良好的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ),該基礎(chǔ)可以促進(jìn)業(yè)務(wù)彈性,使您實(shí)現(xiàn)業(yè)務(wù)目標(biāo),并使您保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中的領(lǐng)先地位。

67 、Microsoft-provided solution that allows a single mailbox server to span two datacenters The cluster features in previous versions of Exchange Server required a third-party replication solution to enable site resiliency.───作為Microsoft提供的解決方案,它允許單個(gè)郵箱服務(wù)器跨越兩個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)中心Exchange Server以前版本中的群集功能需要第三方復(fù)制解決方案才能啟用站點(diǎn)彈性。

68 、It really is quite amazing, their resilience.─── 它們的堅(jiān)韌不拔真的很讓人佩服

69 、Containing the deep-sea sea mineral, effectively promotes the flesh metabolism, increases the flesh resiliency and the gloss;───含深海海洋礦物，有效促進(jìn)肌膚的新陳代謝，增添肌膚彈性及光澤；含海藻提取物，徹底潔凈，并具有保濕及滋潤(rùn)肌膚的功效；

70 、While there, she said she was tremendously impressed with the resiliency and spirit of the Chinese people.───萊斯在四川表示，中國(guó)人民的恢復(fù)能力和精神給她留下極其深刻的印象。

71 、skin resiliency calculator───皮膚硬度計(jì)皮膚彈性計(jì)

72 、Mental and emotional stress can produce tough-mindedness and resiliency.───思想和情感的壓力能夠讓我們變得意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)、有韌性。

73 、gasket resiliency───墊片回彈率

74 、Removal of Optional Markers.In most output JPEG files, special markers are used to indicate additional information or provide resiliency in the case of errors / corruption.───通過對(duì)比jpeg文件，兩種jpeg壓縮文件保存方式的區(qū)別是很容易識(shí)別的。

75 、Strong initiative, resiliency, organizational and time management skills───主動(dòng)、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)、組織及時(shí)間管理技巧

76 、Correlation of Coping Styles of Undergraduates with Ego Resiliency───大學(xué)生應(yīng)對(duì)方式與自我復(fù)原的關(guān)聯(lián)

77 、In most output JPEG files, special markers are used to indicate additional information or provide resiliency in the case of errors / corruption.───在大多數(shù)jpeg文件中，有一些記錄附加信息、或是在出錯(cuò)/崩潰時(shí)用以恢復(fù)的特殊標(biāo)記。

78 、Conclusion: The factors of family living condition and gender affected student's coping styles to some extent, and positive coping styles benefited ego resiliency.───結(jié)論：家庭生活環(huán)境及性別對(duì)于應(yīng)對(duì)方式有一定影響，積極應(yīng)對(duì)方式有助于自我復(fù)原。

79 、But not all marine life is so resilient.─── 但不是所有海洋生物都有那么強(qiáng)的恢復(fù)力

80 、Dare we hope that such resiliency will also help Amazonia survive the challenges that we humans are posing?───但愿這樣強(qiáng)健的生命力，能幫助亞馬遜河流域平安度過人類所帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。

81 、Keywords Guangzhou city ecosystem healthy;analytic hierarch process;vigor;organizational structure;resiliency service function;crowd health;───廣州市;城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康;層次分析法;活力;組織結(jié)構(gòu);恢復(fù)力;服務(wù)功能;人群健康;

82 、Error Resiliency in Video Communications Using SP-Frames───基于SP幀的容錯(cuò)編碼技術(shù)

83 、Do domestic small and mid-sized firms have the resiliency to spring up again like grass from a burnt field?───難道國(guó)內(nèi)中小企業(yè)的韌性真如春草，野火燒不盡，春風(fēng)吹又生？

84 、As we look at the resiliency of these sparrows and at the magnitude of how they can withstand just about anything, we also know how fragile they are.───我們看見麻雀擁有極大適應(yīng)力,可以抵受一切逆境,但我們也知道它們很脆弱。

85 、The following topic areas discuss when and how to use CCR as part of a high availability and site resiliency plan───下列主題區(qū)域討論了何時(shí)以及如何使用CCR作為高可用性和站點(diǎn)彈性計(jì)劃的一部分

86 、On Tour Guides'Resiliency and Its Development───導(dǎo)游員的復(fù)原力及其開發(fā)

87 、The resiliency and structure of expanded graphite molded packing will not be affected by any chemical attack.Consequently , it can provide effective seal without any torque loss.───膨脹石墨填料環(huán)的回彈性和結(jié)構(gòu)將不會(huì)被化學(xué)介質(zhì)所侵蝕，因此它能提供有效的密封作用且無任何螺栓的扭矩?fù)p失。

88 、Some of these works show Paralympic athletes resiliency and enterprising spirit, some through the Paralympic Games mascot design and a joy inclusive atmosphere.───這些作品有的表現(xiàn)殘奧會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員自強(qiáng)不息、積極進(jìn)取的精神，有的通過殘奧會(huì)吉祥物和圖案呈現(xiàn)歡欣共融的氣氛。

89 、Yes, sperm lack resiliency.───是的，精子存活性差。

90 、The following topics discuss when and how to use LCR as part of a high availability and data resiliency plan───下列主題討論了何時(shí)以及如何使用CCR作為高可用性和數(shù)據(jù)復(fù)原計(jì)劃的一部分

美國(guó)東北大學(xué)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金介紹

　美國(guó)東北大學(xué)目前在世界排名第346位，全美排名67位，是美國(guó)波士頓地區(qū)一所優(yōu)美的私立大學(xué)。下面是為大家整理并翻譯的東北大學(xué)本科獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金信息，供大家參考。

　Northeastern has established several competitive scholarship programs to reward outstanding academic achievement. To be considered for one or more of these prestigious awards, you must apply for undergraduate admission to Northeastern no later than the regular decision deadline of January 1. Only fall freshman applicants may be considered for most of these scholarships.

　Students are not required to complete the financial aid applications to be considered for a merit-based scholarship.

　Many scholarships require the signing of a contract of understanding, which is included with the offer of financial assistance. Most full tuition scholarships (including the Torch, BPHS, and Balfour Scholarships) require a minimum of 100 hours of community service each year. The Center of Community Service at Northeastern provides students with the tools and resources necessary to achieve success in this program.

　東北大學(xué)設(shè)定了好幾個(gè)具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金項(xiàng)目，以此獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)。為了被這些獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金考慮，你必須在常規(guī)錄取的截止日期一月一日之前申請(qǐng)入學(xué)東北大學(xué)。這類獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金大部分都只頒發(fā)給申請(qǐng)秋季入學(xué)的學(xué)生。

　優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金不要求你完成經(jīng)濟(jì)援助申請(qǐng)。

　大多數(shù)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金要求簽訂“理解合同”，后者包含在經(jīng)濟(jì)援助通知書中。大部分全額學(xué)費(fèi)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金要求每年參加一百個(gè)小時(shí)社區(qū)服務(wù)。東北大學(xué)社區(qū)服務(wù)中心為學(xué)生提供各種工具和資源，幫助你在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目取得成功。

Merit-Based Scholarships

　Students who are in the top 10-15% of our applicant pool are considered for competitive merit awards, including Dean’s, Connections, and International Scholarships. These scholarship awards range from $10,000-$25,000 for the first year. In future years, amounts are awarded on a per semester basis, ranging from $5,000-$12,500 per full in-class semester.

優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金

　在我們的申請(qǐng)中百分位排名前十到前十五的學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)獲得這類獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金包括院長(zhǎng)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金、聯(lián)絡(luò)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金和國(guó)際獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。這類獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金第一年金額在一萬(wàn)到二萬(wàn)五千美元不等。在最近幾年里，優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金按每學(xué)期頒發(fā)，每學(xué)期全日制獎(jiǎng)金在五千到一萬(wàn)二千五百美元不等。

Northeastern National Scholarships

　Students who are admitted to Northeastern and are recognized as National Merit Finalists* or National Hispanic Recognition Program Scholars** will receive up to $30,000 merit based award per academic year or up to $15,000 merit based award per academic semester and may also be eligible for financial aid.

　Northeastern National Scholarships replace any Honors, Dean’s, Excellence, Connections, or International Scholars awards and may result in a change to previously awarded Northeastern University Grant funds.

　*To be eligible for these Northeastern scholarships, National Merit Finalists must be must be U.S. citizens or documented permanent residents, admitted to Northeastern and should designate Northeastern University as your college choice to the National Merit Scholarship Corporation by April 3, 2017. We will award our first group of scholarships in early March to students who were admitted Early Action or Early Decision.

　**National Hispanic Recognition Program (NHRP) Scholarship recipients must be U.S. citizens or documented permanent residents and submit NHRP Scholar documentation to Admissions by email ( [email protected] ) or by uploading the documentation through the Application Status Check by April 3, 2017.

　 東北大學(xué)國(guó)家獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金

　被東北大學(xué)錄取被入圍國(guó)家優(yōu)秀決賽*或國(guó)家西班牙裔學(xué)人認(rèn)可項(xiàng)目**的學(xué)生每學(xué)年將可獲得三萬(wàn)美元國(guó)家獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，或者每學(xué)期獲得一萬(wàn)五千美元國(guó)家獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，并且還有可能獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)援助。

　東大大學(xué)國(guó)家獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金不能同榮譽(yù)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金、院長(zhǎng)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金、優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金、聯(lián)絡(luò)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金或國(guó)際學(xué)人獎(jiǎng)結(jié)合，并且有可能造成先前頒發(fā)的東北大學(xué)助學(xué)金資金上的改變。

　*為了符合這類獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金資格，入圍國(guó)家優(yōu)秀決賽的學(xué)生必須為美國(guó)公民或有文件證明的永久居民，被東北大學(xué)錄取，并在2017年四月三日之前將東北大學(xué)志愿告知國(guó)家優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金公司。

　**國(guó)家西班牙裔學(xué)人認(rèn)可項(xiàng)目獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金獲得者必須為美國(guó)公民或有文件證明的永久居民，必須在2017年四月三日之前必須國(guó)家西班牙裔學(xué)人認(rèn)可項(xiàng)目文件到招生辦，或者通過“申請(qǐng)狀態(tài)核實(shí)”將文件上傳。

　 Torch Scholars

　Continuing a century-old commitment to educational access, the Torch Scholars Program is a bold and innovative scholarship initiative awarded to students who have overcome exceptional odds and who demonstrate the potential to excel academically.

　The Program includes a Summer Immersion Program prior to freshman year. Torch Scholars receive full tuition, fees, and room and board as well as significant personal and academic support. Students must be nominated by an education professional, such as a guidance counselor.

火炬學(xué)人項(xiàng)目

　火炬學(xué)人項(xiàng)目是一個(gè)大膽而富有創(chuàng)意的獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金倡議，有上百年的教育準(zhǔn)入承諾。為了繼續(xù)承諾，該獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金頒發(fā)給已經(jīng)克服了重大不平等并且具備取得優(yōu)秀學(xué)術(shù)成績(jī)的學(xué)生。

　火炬學(xué)人項(xiàng)目包含一個(gè)在大一之前開展的夏季學(xué)習(xí)項(xiàng)目?；鹁鎸W(xué)人獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金獲得者可以獲得全額學(xué)費(fèi)、住宿費(fèi)、膳食費(fèi)以及重要的個(gè)人方面和學(xué)術(shù)方面的支持。該獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金要求學(xué)生必須得到教育專業(yè)人士提名，比如指導(dǎo)顧問提名。

　 Boston Scholarships

　Northeastern is deeply committed to working with the City of Boston and our campus neighbors. There are several additional scholarship programs available to Boston students, including:

　The Boston Public High School Scholarship

　The Northeastern Boston Valedictorian Scholarship

　The Boston Housing Authority Scholarship

　Northeastern Neighborhood Scholarship

　Balfour Academy Scholarship

　 波士頓獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金

　東北大學(xué)同波士頓市以及臨近的院校有著緊密的聯(lián)系。提供給波士頓學(xué)生的獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金有好幾項(xiàng)，包括波士頓公立高中獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金、東北大學(xué)波士頓畢業(yè)生代表獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金、波士頓房屋委員會(huì)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金、東北大學(xué)鄰居獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金和貝爾福學(xué)院獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。

　 Scholarship of the Month: August

　Sally & W. Herbert Lamb Scholarship Fund

　General Eligibility

　The Sally & W. Herbert Lamb Scholarship Fund is available to students from Wolfeboro and Tuftonboro, New Hampshire who are in their freshman year at Northeastern University and enrolled in courses for engineering, computer science, and health care, such as nursing physical therapy, occupational therapy, etc.

　Applicants may be a freshman during either the 2016-2017 academic year or 2017-2018 academic year (as a rising sophomore or incoming freshman).

　Award Amount

　Two awards of $2,000 are available

　How to Apply

　All scholarships are for Undergraduate Day students only, unless otherwise indicated. To apply, you must complete the Scholarship of the Month Application and submit it to Student Financial Services. Applications are due no later than the last day of the month and will be reviewed at the start of the following month.

　Note: Before applying please be sure to review the qualifications and make sure you meet all requested characteristics.

　 月度獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金：薩利和W. 赫伯特蘭姆獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金

　一般資格

　薩利和W. 赫伯特蘭姆獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金提供給來自新罕布什爾州沃爾夫伯勒和森特圖頓波瑞的在東北大學(xué)讀大一的學(xué)生。獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金要求學(xué)生注冊(cè)工程、計(jì)算機(jī)或健康護(hù)理方面的課程，比如護(hù)理物理療法、職業(yè)療法等。

　申請(qǐng)人必須為2016-2017 或2017-2018學(xué)年新生(準(zhǔn)大二或大一)。

　獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金金額

　兩個(gè)名額，各二千美元。

　如何申請(qǐng)?

　除非另有說明，所有獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金只提供給本科白天課程學(xué)生。申請(qǐng)這類獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，你必須完成月度獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金申請(qǐng)，并提交到學(xué)生財(cái)務(wù)服務(wù)處。在月末之前申請(qǐng)，申請(qǐng)?jiān)诖卧鲁鍪芾怼?

　注意：申請(qǐng)之前請(qǐng)務(wù)必查看資格條件，確保你滿足所有條件。

Raise.me

　Northeastern has partnered with Raise.me to offer U.S. high school students the opportunity to earn micro-scholarships that recognize their academic achievements and outstanding accomplishments. Students can earn up to $20,000 in micro-scholarships each year, which will be incorporated in their Northeastern University financial aid award.

　Eligibility for micro-scholarships is determined at the time of admission to Northeastern University. Micro-scholarships earned through Raise.me represent a minimum of grant or scholarship aid that students will receive from Northeastern, provided they apply, are admitted, and enroll. Students may be eligible for additional aid based on their formal application for admission and financial aid application materials. If a higher amount of grant or scholarship aid is included in the final award letter from Northeastern University, please note that this includes the amount earned on Raise.me and is not in addition to earnings on Raise.me.

　If a student has applied, been admitted, and enrolled at Northeastern University and is a recipient of Raise.me micro-scholarships, the following criteria must be met to maintain eligibility:

　Maintain a cumulative GPA of at least 3.0

　Be enrolled as a full-time student

　Maintain Satisfactory Academic Progress toward their degree

Raise.me

　東北大學(xué)已同Raise.me合作，為美國(guó)高中生提供金額“微型”獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。這類獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金認(rèn)可學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)和突出表現(xiàn)。這類獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金每年金額可達(dá)二萬(wàn)美元，包含在東北大學(xué)的經(jīng)濟(jì)援助獎(jiǎng)里。

　微型獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金資格在申請(qǐng)東北大學(xué)的時(shí)候決定。微型獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金代表的是學(xué)生可以從東北大學(xué)獲得的一小部分助學(xué)金或獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。獲獎(jiǎng)的前提是學(xué)生申請(qǐng)、并錄取并注冊(cè)東北大學(xué)。根據(jù)入學(xué)申請(qǐng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)援助申請(qǐng)材料，學(xué)生有可能會(huì)獲得其他援助。如果東北大學(xué)最終給的授獎(jiǎng)含金額更高，那么請(qǐng)注意，這種情況下微型獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金已包含在最終授獎(jiǎng)里，而不是單獨(dú)發(fā)放。

　如果學(xué)生申請(qǐng)、被錄取并注冊(cè)了東北大學(xué)，獲得了微型獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，那么需要繼續(xù)符合以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)才能維持獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金：

　1.累積平均績(jī)點(diǎn)至少3.0;

　2.注冊(cè)為全日制學(xué)生;

　3.保持令人滿意的學(xué)業(yè)進(jìn)展。

　 The Boston Public High School Scholarship

　Eligibility Criteria

　Students attending Boston Public High School and who are in the top 10 percent of their high school class.

　Award Amount

　Full tuition, room and board.

　Renewable?

　Yes, based on satisfactory academic progress, full-time status and completion of CEP hours.

　Application Deadline

　Nomination deadline is in early January, prior to our Regular Decision deadline.

　General Information

　Students attending a Boston Public High School and who are in the top 10 percent of their high school class and demonstrate exceptional academic and personal achievement including leadership skills, community involvement, strong work ethic, resiliency, or other qualities indicative of the ability to contribute to Northeastern’s diverse and vibrant community may qualify for this scholarship. Students must be nominated by their high school guidance office or headmaster.

　Civic Engagement Requirement

　Recipients are required to participate in Northeastern’s Civic Engagement Program (CEP). CEP requires each scholar to serve 100 hours of community service each year of undergraduate study at Northeastern University. The program aims to redefine scholarship be ensuring that student scholars not only excel academically, but through CEP have the opportunity to grow as civic-minded individuals who give back through service to our local and global communities.

　For first-year students, there is a highly structured program which includes training, monthly reflections and a weekly service partnership with a local community based organization. For upper-class students, there is a system of accountability, support, as well as service and networking opportunities to support student scholars in earning the required amount of hours.

　 波士頓公立高中獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金

　資格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

　就讀波士頓公立高中，高中班級(jí)排名前百分之十。

　數(shù)額：

　全額學(xué)費(fèi)、住宿費(fèi)和膳食費(fèi)。

　是否可更新?

　是。前提是保持令人滿意的學(xué)業(yè)進(jìn)展，全日制注冊(cè)并完成能力評(píng)估計(jì)劃學(xué)時(shí)。

　申請(qǐng)截止日期：

　提名截止日期為一月初，在常規(guī)錄取截止日期之前截止。

　詳情

　就讀波士頓公立高中，高中班級(jí)排名前百分之十，具備出色的學(xué)術(shù)成績(jī)和個(gè)人表現(xiàn)，包括領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能、社區(qū)參與、強(qiáng)烈的職業(yè)道德、復(fù)原力或其他貢獻(xiàn)于東北大學(xué)多樣化和富有活力的社區(qū)的能力。符合這項(xiàng)要求，則有可能獲得該獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。必須得到高中指導(dǎo)官員或**提名。

　公民參與的要求

　獲得者需要參加?xùn)|北大學(xué)的公民參與項(xiàng)目。公民參與項(xiàng)目要求每位獲獎(jiǎng)人(在本科期間)每年參加一百個(gè)小時(shí)社區(qū)服務(wù)。項(xiàng)目的目的在于對(duì)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金重新定義，確保獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)卟粌H在達(dá)到學(xué)術(shù)優(yōu)秀，而且通過項(xiàng)目有能力成長(zhǎng)為具有公德心的個(gè)體，進(jìn)而在服務(wù)中回報(bào)我們的當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)和全球社區(qū)。

　對(duì)于大一學(xué)生，我們有高度結(jié)構(gòu)化的項(xiàng)目，包括培訓(xùn)、每月反饋以及每周的當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)組織服務(wù)。對(duì)于高年級(jí)學(xué)生，我們有問責(zé)制、支持、服務(wù)和聯(lián)絡(luò)制度，幫助獲獎(jiǎng)學(xué)生完成要求的服務(wù)。

Northeastern Boston Valedictorian Scholarship

　Eligibility Criteria

　Senior Class Valedictorians, with preference given to students from the designated 35 Traditional District and Exam Boston Public High Schools.

　Award Amount

　Full tuition, room and board.

　Renewable?

　Yes, based on satisfactory academic progress, full-time status and completion of CEP hours.

　Application Deadline

　Nomination deadline is in early January, prior to our Regular Decision deadline.

　General Information

　Students attending a Boston Public High School and who are in the top 10 percent of their high school class and demonstrate exceptional academic and personal achievement including leadership skills, community involvement, strong work ethic, resiliency, or other qualities indicative of the ability to contribute to Northeastern’s diverse and vibrant community may qualify for this scholarship. Students must be nominated by their high school guidance office or headmaster.

　Civic Engagement Requirement

　Recipients are required to participate in Northeastern’s Civic Engagement Program (CEP). CEP requires each scholar to serve 100 hours of community service each year of undergraduate study at Northeastern University. The program aims to redefine scholarship be ensuring that student scholars not only excel academically, but through CEP have the opportunity to grow as civic-minded individuals who give back through service to our local and global communities.

　For first-year students, there is a highly structured program which includes training, monthly reflections and a weekly service partnership with a local community based organization. For upper-class students, there is a system of accountability, support, as well as service and networking opportunities to support student scholars in earning the required amount of hours.

　 東北大學(xué)波士頓畢業(yè)生代表獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金

　資格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

　高三畢業(yè)生代表。優(yōu)先考慮來自指定的三十五所傳統(tǒng)地區(qū)和考試波士頓公立高中的學(xué)生。

　獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金數(shù)額：

　全額學(xué)費(fèi)、住宿費(fèi)和膳食費(fèi)。

　是否可以更新?

　是。前提是保持令人滿意的學(xué)業(yè)進(jìn)展，全日制注冊(cè)并完成公民參與項(xiàng)目服務(wù)要求。

　申請(qǐng)截止日期：

　提名在一月初截止，在我們的常規(guī)錄取截止日期之前截止。

　詳情

　就讀波士頓公立高中，高中班級(jí)排名前百分之十，具備出色的學(xué)術(shù)成績(jī)和個(gè)人表現(xiàn)，包括領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能、社區(qū)參與、強(qiáng)烈的職業(yè)道德、復(fù)原力或其他貢獻(xiàn)于東北大學(xué)多樣化和富有活力的社區(qū)的能力。符合這項(xiàng)要求，則有可能獲得該獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。必須得到高中指導(dǎo)官員或**提名。

　公民參與的要求

　獲得者需要參加?xùn)|北大學(xué)的公民參與項(xiàng)目。公民參與項(xiàng)目要求每位獲獎(jiǎng)人(在本科期間)每年參加一百個(gè)小時(shí)社區(qū)服務(wù)。項(xiàng)目的目的在于對(duì)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金重新定義，確保獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)卟粌H在達(dá)到學(xué)術(shù)優(yōu)秀，而且通過項(xiàng)目有能力成長(zhǎng)為具有公德心的個(gè)體，進(jìn)而在服務(wù)中回報(bào)我們的當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)和全球社區(qū)。

　對(duì)于大一學(xué)生，我們有高度結(jié)構(gòu)化的項(xiàng)目，包括培訓(xùn)、每月反饋以及每周的當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)組織服務(wù)。對(duì)于高年級(jí)學(xué)生，我們有問責(zé)制、支持、服務(wù)和聯(lián)絡(luò)制度，幫助獲獎(jiǎng)學(xué)生完成要求的服務(wù)。

　 Boston Housing Authority Scholarship

　Eligibility Criteria

　Residents of Boston Housing Authority (BHA) Public Housing must submit a letter verifying their residence within one month of submitting their admission application.

　Award Amount

　Full tuition.

　Renewable?

　Yes (must maintain 2.5 cumulative GPA).

　Application Deadline

　Admission deadline: January 15; FAFSA and Profile deadline: February 15.

　General Information

　Students must become part of the program during their first year at Northeastern and file for financial aid by the stated deadline every year. Be aware of entrance date for transfer students as it determines the award entitlement. The Admissions Office identifies eligible applicants. As a general rule, the scholarship is awarded to incoming freshmen for 8 academic terms.

　Civic Engagement Requirement

　Recipients are required to participate in Northeastern’s Civic Engagement Program (CEP). CEP requires each scholar to serve 100 hours of community service each year of undergraduate study at Northeastern University. The program aims to redefine scholarship be ensuring that student scholars not only excel academically, but through CEP have the opportunity to grow as civic-minded individuals who give back through service to our local and global communities.

　For first-year students, there is a highly structured program which includes training, monthly reflections and a weekly service partnership with a local community based organization. For upper-class students, there is a system of accountability, support, as well as service and networking opportunities to support student scholars in earning the required amount of hours.

波士頓房屋委員會(huì)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金

　資格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

　波士頓房屋委員會(huì)公共住房居民學(xué)生必須在遞交入學(xué)申請(qǐng)的一個(gè)月內(nèi)遞交居民身份確認(rèn)函。

　獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金數(shù)額：

　全額學(xué)費(fèi)。

　是否可以更新?

　是。平均績(jī)點(diǎn)不低于2.5。

　申請(qǐng)截止日期：

　入學(xué)申請(qǐng)截止日期：一月十五日;聯(lián)邦學(xué)生援助免費(fèi)申請(qǐng)和作品選集截止日期：二月十五日。

　詳情

　必須在東北大學(xué)一年學(xué)習(xí)期間參加項(xiàng)目，在每年公布的截止日期之前遞交經(jīng)濟(jì)援助申請(qǐng)。請(qǐng)留意轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)入學(xué)日期，因?yàn)樵撊掌跊Q定受獎(jiǎng)資格。招生辦負(fù)責(zé)選擇合格申請(qǐng)人。一般情況下，該獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金頒發(fā)給新生，八個(gè)學(xué)期期限。

　公民參與的要求

　獲得者需要參加?xùn)|北大學(xué)的公民參與項(xiàng)目。公民參與項(xiàng)目要求每位獲獎(jiǎng)人(在本科期間)每年參加一百個(gè)小時(shí)社區(qū)服務(wù)。項(xiàng)目的目的在于對(duì)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金重新定義，確保獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)卟粌H在達(dá)到學(xué)術(shù)優(yōu)秀，而且通過項(xiàng)目有能力成長(zhǎng)為具有公德心的個(gè)體，進(jìn)而在服務(wù)中回報(bào)我們的當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)和全球社區(qū)。

　對(duì)于大一學(xué)生，我們有高度結(jié)構(gòu)化的項(xiàng)目，包括培訓(xùn)、每月反饋以及每周的當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)組織服務(wù)。對(duì)于高年級(jí)學(xué)生，我們有問責(zé)制、支持、服務(wù)和聯(lián)絡(luò)制度，幫助獲獎(jiǎng)學(xué)生完成要求的服務(wù)。

　 以上內(nèi)容由獨(dú)家翻譯，版權(quán)歸所有，未經(jīng)授權(quán)許可，任何公司任何人不得復(fù)制和轉(zhuǎn)載，違者必追究法律責(zé)任!

教師的愛的內(nèi)涵與特點(diǎn)、作用與要求

自20世紀(jì)60年代“情感教育”理念被提出以來，教學(xué)關(guān)愛一直被看成是學(xué)校教學(xué)情境中最重要的情感因素之一。經(jīng)過半個(gè)世紀(jì)的實(shí)踐，強(qiáng)調(diào)教學(xué)過程中情感因素的研究者認(rèn)為教學(xué)關(guān)愛是有意義教學(xué)的本質(zhì)，是教學(xué)的核心方面，是教師素質(zhì)的核心成分?！吨腥A人民共和國(guó)教師法》與《中小學(xué)教師職業(yè)道德規(guī)范》都把熱愛學(xué)生作為重要內(nèi)容，師愛是師德的重要組成部分，部分調(diào)查也顯示學(xué)生所喜歡的教師特點(diǎn)中，熱愛學(xué)生是其中重要的一條指標(biāo)。

但教學(xué)關(guān)愛至今還是一個(gè)比較模糊的概念，探討教師的教學(xué)關(guān)愛的涵義與作用對(duì)于提升師生關(guān)系質(zhì)量、加強(qiáng)教師職業(yè)道德建設(shè)都具有重要的意義。

一、教師教學(xué)關(guān)愛的涵義

對(duì)關(guān)愛的研究始于道德哲學(xué)家吉利根（Gilligan）和諾丁斯（Noddings）對(duì)倫理關(guān)愛（theethic of caring）與女性關(guān)愛（feminine caring）的重視。

吉利根的關(guān)愛一道德推理是對(duì)柯爾伯格（Kohlberg）道德發(fā)展的公正一道德推理的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。而諾丁斯認(rèn)為女性關(guān)愛或倫理關(guān)愛是一種重視以女性體驗(yàn)為核心的道德體驗(yàn)。她在后來的研究中認(rèn)為關(guān)愛并不是女性特有的現(xiàn)象，是所有人都存在的一種關(guān)系。她指出并不是所有人都對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)、科學(xué)或文學(xué)感興趣，但是所有的人在生活中都會(huì)關(guān)愛他人、關(guān)心世界與關(guān)心人類。女性關(guān)愛或倫理關(guān)愛是因反對(duì)柯爾伯格公正倫理為基礎(chǔ)的道德發(fā)展階段理論而提出的，但隨后的研究認(rèn)為倫理關(guān)愛是對(duì)柯爾伯格理論的重要補(bǔ)充。

1.教學(xué)關(guān)愛是一種人際關(guān)系

吉利根認(rèn)為女性具有維護(hù)關(guān)系的需要與責(zé)任的特點(diǎn)，關(guān)愛傾向/倫理強(qiáng)調(diào)的是維護(hù)關(guān)系。諾丁斯在使用關(guān)愛一詞時(shí)，認(rèn)為關(guān)愛描述的并不是態(tài)度或人格特質(zhì)，而是一種道德關(guān)系，倫理關(guān)愛以人際關(guān)系為中心。諾丁斯還區(qū)分了兩種關(guān)愛類型:自然關(guān)愛（natural caring）與倫理關(guān)愛（ethical caring）。自然關(guān)愛是山對(duì)被關(guān)愛者的深情所驅(qū)動(dòng)，而倫理關(guān)愛是山關(guān)愛者試圖增強(qiáng)自己的道德理想所驅(qū)動(dòng)，倫理關(guān)愛要求自己努力成為一個(gè)有道德的人。所以自然關(guān)愛并小需要主動(dòng)的努力，而倫理關(guān)愛則需要個(gè)體的意志努力。兩者都是從責(zé)任感開始的—承諾去滿足被關(guān)愛者的需要;兩者都是極大的喜悅與滿意度的源泉。

哈格里大斯（Hargreaves）的觀點(diǎn)與諾丁斯提出的自然關(guān)愛非常一致，他認(rèn)為許多教師選擇教師職業(yè)就是因?yàn)閷?duì)孩子的愛心，與孩子之問形成富有關(guān)愛的關(guān)系是他們職業(yè)生涯中工作滿意感的重要源泉。麥克德莫特（McDermott）認(rèn)為關(guān)愛包括了有意義關(guān)系的建立、維持聯(lián)系的能力，以及非常敏感而靈活對(duì)他人作出反應(yīng)的信念，具有關(guān)愛性質(zhì)的課堂環(huán)境可以建立起信任的氣氛。溫澤爾（Wentzel）明確提出，教師與學(xué)生之問的關(guān)愛關(guān)系具體表現(xiàn)為教師對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)業(yè)的支持與社交/情感的支持兩個(gè)方面。而學(xué)生對(duì)這兩個(gè)方面的感知成為測(cè)量教學(xué)關(guān)愛的主要指標(biāo)。洛克伍德（Lockwood）和西片達(dá)（Secada）提出關(guān)愛需要教師與學(xué)生之問建立一種信任的和支持性的關(guān)系。都（D o）和斯加勒特（Schaller勸在研究課堂討論策略中發(fā)現(xiàn)，學(xué)生報(bào)告感知到與教師之問的關(guān)系是溫暖的、熱情的，就感到在課堂上討論問題是很舒服的、安全的。

2.教學(xué)關(guān)愛是教師主動(dòng)付出的行為過程

諾丁斯所提出的關(guān)愛應(yīng)用在教育領(lǐng)域中就是一種有關(guān)愛關(guān)系的師生互動(dòng)，教學(xué)的實(shí)質(zhì)就是關(guān)愛的互動(dòng)。每一種互動(dòng)為個(gè)體提供了建立關(guān)愛關(guān)系的機(jī)會(huì)，關(guān)愛就意味著一種選擇、責(zé)任和義務(wù)，它包括了情感與意志。她還認(rèn)為，接受性（receptivity）、專注（engrossment）與動(dòng)機(jī)移置（motivational displacement）的過程是倫理關(guān)愛體系中的核心要索。接受性是指關(guān)愛者必須進(jìn)行努力對(duì)他人感同身受，盡最大的努力感受到對(duì)方的感受。接受他人到自己的內(nèi)心世界，具有二元同在性。 一旦關(guān)愛者接受被關(guān)愛者，就有義務(wù)作出一種反應(yīng);通過這種方式，接受性引發(fā)了關(guān)愛產(chǎn)生。動(dòng)機(jī)移置是接受性的直接結(jié)果:當(dāng)關(guān)愛者對(duì)被關(guān)愛者感同身受、完全接納的時(shí)候，對(duì)方的動(dòng)機(jī)就變成了自己的動(dòng)機(jī)。諾丁斯指出，動(dòng)機(jī)移置要求“從自己的參照框架中跳出來并進(jìn)入對(duì)方的參照框架”。為了加強(qiáng)關(guān)愛時(shí)的互動(dòng)性，關(guān)愛者有必要在接受與動(dòng)機(jī)移置之前就表現(xiàn)出專注。諾丁斯認(rèn)為，教育領(lǐng)域中，教師的關(guān)愛可以具體化為以下二類活動(dòng):向?qū)W生展示關(guān)愛的榜樣、以民主的方式參與學(xué)生的討論以及對(duì)學(xué)生觀點(diǎn)采擇、對(duì)學(xué)生有良好的期望以及鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生。

科林斯（Collins）指出，關(guān)愛就是指?jìng)€(gè)人化的表達(dá)、情感性關(guān)注和共情，這些都是倫理關(guān)愛的核心。羅杰斯（Rogers）和韋伯（Webb）認(rèn)為，課堂教學(xué)上的關(guān)愛可以具體化為鼓勵(lì)性的對(duì)話，對(duì)學(xué)生的需要與興趣表現(xiàn)出敏感性，以及提供吸引人的、豐富的和有意義的材料和活動(dòng)。溫澤爾提出了有愛心教師的四個(gè)主要特征:榜樣（modeling）.民主互動(dòng)（democratic interaction）、基于個(gè)體差異的教學(xué)期望（expectationbased on individuality）、培養(yǎng)（nurturance）等。榜樣關(guān)注的指標(biāo)是教師努力教學(xué)。民主互動(dòng)關(guān)注的指標(biāo)是教師在與學(xué)生溝通時(shí)注意傾聽、信任、提問、反饋、表?yè)P(yáng)等。而基于個(gè)體差異的教學(xué)期望關(guān)注的指標(biāo)是把學(xué)生看成在學(xué)業(yè)與社交上有不同追求的個(gè)體，看成是一個(gè)在認(rèn)知與情感上有差異的學(xué)習(xí)者。培養(yǎng)關(guān)注的指標(biāo)是檢查學(xué)生的作業(yè)，關(guān)注學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)等。在此基礎(chǔ)上，溫澤爾提出了教學(xué)關(guān)愛的基本特征，包括對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)愛和情感的關(guān)愛兩個(gè)主要方面。勞爾森（Laursen） 和伯明翰（Birmingham）通過一項(xiàng)人種志的研究概括出了關(guān)愛關(guān)系中的七個(gè)特征: 轉(zhuǎn)載教師的教學(xué)關(guān)愛:涵義及其作用

信任（trust）、關(guān)注（atteT1t10T1）、共情（empathy）.可依性（availability）、肯定（affirmation）、尊重（respect）和美德（（virtue）。沃克（Walker）和享寧（HeTlTllg）調(diào)查了805名被試，對(duì)公正、勇敢與關(guān)愛進(jìn)行區(qū)別研究，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)愛與溫暖、宜人、教養(yǎng)（支持）和同情傾向存在積極相關(guān)。在聚類分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)，關(guān)愛最主要的內(nèi)容是:愛一共情、利他性、誠(chéng)實(shí)一可靠。愛一共情反映了他人本位的積極情感，表現(xiàn)出的反應(yīng)是溫暖、關(guān)注、可依性等。利他性指的是助人性、慷慨大方、分享與無私。而誠(chéng)實(shí)一可靠與真誠(chéng)有關(guān)，反映了誠(chéng)摯、正直等特點(diǎn)，最后有可能走向自我犧牲的關(guān)愛。

3.教師教學(xué)關(guān)愛的主要涵義

綜上所述，我們認(rèn)為教師的教學(xué)關(guān)愛是教師職業(yè)美德的主要成分，它既是一種關(guān)系，又是一種行動(dòng)過程。具體地說，教師教學(xué)關(guān)愛是指教師通過共情、關(guān)注、可依性、尊重、肯定等行為，在與學(xué)生互動(dòng)過程中與學(xué)生建立并維持的信任的、支持的關(guān)系。

而教師對(duì)學(xué)生共情、關(guān)注、可依性、尊重、肯定的行動(dòng)過程，代表了教學(xué)關(guān)愛的主要特征以及可測(cè)量的基本維度，根據(jù)其他學(xué)者的觀點(diǎn)與勞爾森和伯明翰的不開究結(jié)果之問的語(yǔ)義分析，我們對(duì)每個(gè)教學(xué)關(guān)愛特征所代表的教師行為與信念進(jìn)行了整理，結(jié)果見上頁(yè)表。

二、教師教學(xué)關(guān)愛的作用

研究表明，教學(xué)關(guān)愛對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)、學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)都會(huì)有直接或問接的積極影響，并不像傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)那樣認(rèn)為教學(xué)關(guān)愛只對(duì)學(xué)生非學(xué)業(yè)領(lǐng)域才有積極作用;教學(xué)關(guān)愛對(duì)教師自身的工作滿意度與投入程度也有明顯的增強(qiáng)作用，也并不像傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)那樣認(rèn)為教學(xué)關(guān)愛就是一種無償付出直至情緒衰竭或“自我犧牲”。還有研究表明，教學(xué)關(guān)愛對(duì)基礎(chǔ)教育各個(gè)層而的學(xué)生都會(huì)有積極作用，也不像傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)那樣認(rèn)為教學(xué)關(guān)愛只對(duì)年幼的青少年才產(chǎn)生作用。教師與學(xué)生之問建立起來的關(guān)愛關(guān)系不僅可以成為學(xué)生心理彈性的保護(hù)因子，也可以成為教師應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)的保護(hù)因子。

1.教學(xué)關(guān)愛是學(xué)生心理彈性的一項(xiàng)保護(hù)因子

心理彈性（Resiliency）是指?jìng)€(gè)體在壓力事件中適應(yīng)良好的過程，是一個(gè)充滿活力的過程。它能使個(gè)體從困難、挫折和不幸中很快恢復(fù)和調(diào)整過來。心理彈性由內(nèi)在保護(hù)因子和外在保護(hù)因子兩個(gè)組成部分構(gòu)成。所謂內(nèi)在保護(hù)因子就是指?jìng)€(gè)體本身具有保護(hù)因子作用的心理能力和特質(zhì)。而學(xué)校的保護(hù)因子是心理彈性外在保護(hù)因子的主要組成部分。

研究者們經(jīng)常提到的學(xué)校保護(hù)因子有教師提供的各種支持。師生問的關(guān)愛關(guān)系、高期望和參與機(jī)會(huì)都是學(xué)生心理彈性的重要的保護(hù)性因子。勞爾森和伯明翰對(duì)23名處境小利青年進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們感知到與成人之問的關(guān)愛關(guān)系在他們而對(duì)困境時(shí)起了幫助作用。充滿教學(xué)關(guān)愛的教師會(huì)給子處境小利的學(xué)生更多的支持性指導(dǎo)，如果他們必須要批評(píng)學(xué)生時(shí)也會(huì)提供更多認(rèn)知性的和情感性的訓(xùn)練。研究者在高中學(xué)校教師對(duì)學(xué)生**行為的態(tài)度進(jìn)行研究時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)教學(xué)關(guān)愛低的教師更有可能責(zé)備學(xué)生，而教學(xué)關(guān)愛高的教師更有可能提供更安全的氛圍引導(dǎo)學(xué)生。在工讀學(xué)校會(huì)實(shí)施教師顧問計(jì)劃（Teacher Advisor Program, TAP）這樣一種具體化教師教學(xué)關(guān)愛的方法，從而更有可能使處境小利的青少年取得令人驚喜的成就。教師的行為以及教師與學(xué)生的關(guān)系是營(yíng)造受歡迎的學(xué)習(xí)氣氛的關(guān)鍵。當(dāng)一個(gè)人感到歸屬于某一個(gè)團(tuán)體或者在團(tuán)體中感受到他人的關(guān)愛，他們?cè)趫F(tuán)體中就會(huì)切身感到是團(tuán)體的一分子、是安全的。學(xué)生感知到來自教師的支持，與學(xué)生的親社會(huì)目標(biāo)和價(jià)值觀、公民義務(wù)感、自我概念，以及尋求幫助都有積極相關(guān)。學(xué)生感知到了教師的關(guān)心，就會(huì)更加符介教師的期望，減少違反學(xué)校規(guī)定的行為，如減少輟學(xué)行為。

2.教學(xué)關(guān)愛是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的推動(dòng)力量

教學(xué)關(guān)愛對(duì)學(xué)生的非學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域能產(chǎn)生積極的影響，對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域也會(huì)有顯著的作用。學(xué)生感知到教師是關(guān)愛的、公平的和尊重的，與學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)有積極相關(guān);學(xué)生更有可能激發(fā)內(nèi)部動(dòng)機(jī);強(qiáng)調(diào)掌握目標(biāo)。而與學(xué)習(xí)投入程度也有積極相關(guān)，這種關(guān)系鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生在學(xué)校里更加投入，當(dāng)學(xué)生感到在情感上受到教師的支持，他們更有可能全身心投入到學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)之中，包括更加努力。這種關(guān)系和學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)有積極相關(guān)，促使學(xué)生更可能使用自我調(diào)整的學(xué)習(xí)策略，更有可能取得好的學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)。

許多研究都關(guān)注在課堂情境中學(xué)生與成年人、特別是與教師關(guān)系的影響。不開究者都非常重視師生關(guān)系中的關(guān)愛與親密情況。在幼兒園中，教師自我報(bào)告的與學(xué)生的親密關(guān)系可以較好地預(yù)測(cè)孩子在校成績(jī)、對(duì)學(xué)校的喜歡程度以及自我發(fā)展方向。在小學(xué)里，學(xué)生報(bào)告的與教師的關(guān)系質(zhì)量也能預(yù)測(cè)他們感知的控制感、積極應(yīng)對(duì)、相對(duì)自主性和在校投入程度。在較小的青少年中，他們感知到教師的支持能夠預(yù)測(cè)成績(jī)與價(jià)值觀以及在學(xué)校的努力程度、投入程度和表現(xiàn)。而在初中學(xué)校里，在控制了學(xué)生先前學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)與控制感的前提下，學(xué)生報(bào)告的教學(xué)關(guān)愛能預(yù)測(cè)到在兩年多時(shí)問里動(dòng)機(jī)的變化。研究認(rèn)為與教師的關(guān)系和和是非常重要的，因?yàn)榻處熗瑫r(shí)扮演了多種角色，如一個(gè)可依戀的人、一個(gè)教學(xué)者、一個(gè)紀(jì)律維持者，以及對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)的最終判定者。

3.教學(xué)關(guān)愛是教師職業(yè)生涯中的“精神回報(bào)”

盡管有研究認(rèn)為關(guān)愛在某些教師身上顯得特別困難，但對(duì)教師教學(xué)關(guān)愛持樂觀態(tài)度的研究人員認(rèn)為，具有關(guān)愛的教學(xué)關(guān)系不僅有助于學(xué)生的成長(zhǎng)，而且也有助于教師的成長(zhǎng)。萊維特（（Leavitt）指出，有時(shí)候有許多教師感到愛心的付出卻使自己筋疲力盡。他認(rèn)為這主要是因?yàn)榻處熞粚W(xué)生關(guān)愛之問固有的不平等性。山于學(xué)生對(duì)教師維持這種關(guān)愛關(guān)系不能很好理解，這可能導(dǎo)致教師情緒緊張、憤怒并隨后發(fā)生改變。當(dāng)教師對(duì)這種方式小堪重負(fù)的時(shí)候，他們就會(huì)把關(guān)愛轉(zhuǎn)化為情感衰竭。出于強(qiáng)烈的關(guān)愛信念與責(zé)任，教師花費(fèi)大量的時(shí)問與精力去關(guān)愛學(xué)生，教師可能會(huì)在不能滿足全體學(xué)生的需要時(shí)產(chǎn)生挫折感和內(nèi)疚感，進(jìn)而可能極易受傷直至職業(yè)倦怠。

但是，更多的研究對(duì)教師的教學(xué)關(guān)愛持更為樂觀的態(tài)度。洛蒂（Lortie）發(fā)現(xiàn)小學(xué)生具有關(guān)愛關(guān)系是教師職業(yè)滿意度的顯著預(yù)測(cè)源，在教育中的關(guān)愛是職業(yè)中的一種“精神回報(bào)”。妮亞斯（Nias）和哈格里大斯都提出了充分的證據(jù)證明，教師發(fā)現(xiàn)自己深深地卷入到學(xué)生中去的時(shí)候會(huì)感到很滿意、很有好處;與學(xué)生相互關(guān)愛的教師就會(huì)認(rèn)為“小要以為我只是一個(gè)付出的人，我知道會(huì)有一天有許多人都深深地愛著我”。哈格里大斯也提出了相似的觀點(diǎn)，許多教師選擇教師職業(yè)就是因?yàn)閷?duì)孩子的愛心，與孩子之問形成富有關(guān)愛的關(guān)系是他們職業(yè)生涯中工作滿意感的重要源泉。教學(xué)關(guān)愛并小只是一種溫暖而模糊的情感，它可以使人更加善良更加可親。關(guān)愛意味著小斷追求能力的成長(zhǎng)。一名有責(zé)任的高明的教師會(huì)用心去理解青年人在社會(huì)、情感、生理和智力等各方面的發(fā)展需要，在而對(duì)教師生涯中的各種挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)具有堅(jiān)韌的心理彈性（自我復(fù)原力），滿腔熱情的從事教學(xué)工作。

三、啟示

盡管對(duì)教師的教學(xué)關(guān)愛有不同的聲音，許多研究者還是強(qiáng)調(diào)教師教學(xué)關(guān)愛的必要性?？茽枺ǎ↘oh 1）就指出，“一名教師有責(zé)任關(guān)愛每一名學(xué)生”。羅杰斯和為伯強(qiáng)調(diào)，“好教師的關(guān)愛和好的教學(xué)與具體的關(guān)愛行為緊密地結(jié)合在一起”。教學(xué)關(guān)愛是教師職業(yè)道德的核心成分之一，教學(xué)關(guān)愛的發(fā)展也被看成是教師生涯發(fā)展中的核心內(nèi)容之一。厘清教師教學(xué)關(guān)愛的涵義與作用對(duì)加強(qiáng)我國(guó)教師職業(yè)道德建設(shè)具有重要的啟示。

首先，將教師職業(yè)道德的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)、分層與細(xì)化。我國(guó)教師職業(yè)道德內(nèi)容雖然一直強(qiáng)調(diào)“依法執(zhí)教”、“愛崗敬業(yè)”、“熱愛學(xué)生”、“嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)治學(xué)”、“團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作”、“尊重家長(zhǎng)”、“廉潔從教”、“為人師表”等具體的道德要求，但卻不能回答這些道德要求是對(duì)教師的基本要求還是奮斗目標(biāo)的問題。從文獻(xiàn)的梳理過程中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，柯爾伯格的道德發(fā)展階段論是以公正為基礎(chǔ)的，而吉利根與諾丁斯等人的道德發(fā)展強(qiáng)調(diào)了關(guān)愛。作為倫理道德層而的關(guān)愛和和是以公正為前提的，但無論是公正還是關(guān)愛都有一個(gè)從低到高的發(fā)展過程。所幸，我國(guó)教師職業(yè)道德內(nèi)容一直是從公正與關(guān)愛兩個(gè)基本層而入手建構(gòu)的，具有良好的道德內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)，但在邏輯上需要更加明晰的表達(dá)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)職業(yè)道德要求的層次可以根據(jù)社會(huì)規(guī)范結(jié)合公正與關(guān)愛的發(fā)展階段進(jìn)行理論建構(gòu)，區(qū)分不同的層次要求。就關(guān)愛而言，可以從師生關(guān)系與教師的行為表現(xiàn)，諸如共情、關(guān)注、可依性、尊重、肯定的行動(dòng)過程進(jìn)行分層與細(xì)化，從而在可測(cè)量、可操作的層而回答“師愛”的具體內(nèi)容這個(gè)我國(guó)教師職業(yè)道德領(lǐng)域長(zhǎng)期以來懸而未決的問題。

其次，將教師職業(yè)道德與教師的生涯發(fā)展聯(lián)系在一起。在我國(guó)的教師教育體系中，一直強(qiáng)調(diào)教師專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的素質(zhì)要求，但對(duì)教師道德領(lǐng)域的素質(zhì)要求并不明晰。究其原因，一方面是對(duì)教師職業(yè)道德的內(nèi)容認(rèn)識(shí)不清，另一方面是對(duì)教師職業(yè)道德的作用認(rèn)識(shí)不足。就教師的教學(xué)關(guān)愛而言，已有研究表明它是學(xué)生心理彈性的一項(xiàng)保護(hù)因子，對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)的激發(fā)、學(xué)習(xí)的投入以及學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)的提高都具有推動(dòng)作用，它也是教師從事教學(xué)工作的一項(xiàng)“精神回報(bào)”，激勵(lì)教師充滿熱情地投入教學(xué)工作，在遇到各種壓力的過程中也能自我復(fù)原。從“職業(yè)道德”向“專業(yè)道德”轉(zhuǎn)移的視角來看，教師的職業(yè)道德與生涯發(fā)展緊密地聯(lián)系在一起。從教師專業(yè)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐來看，教師的職業(yè)道德修養(yǎng)可以進(jìn)行操作化，從而成為職前教師培養(yǎng)、在職教師培訓(xùn)的重要內(nèi)容。