slumped,slump是什么意思,slump中文翻譯,slump發(fā)音、用法及例句
?slump
slump發(fā)音
英:[sl?mp] 美:[sl?mp]
英: 美:
slump中文意思翻譯
n.暴跌, 低潮狀態(tài), (土地)下沉
v.大幅度下跌, 猛然癱坐, 使倒下
slump詞形變化
動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞: slumping | 動(dòng)詞過去式: slumped | 動(dòng)詞過去分詞: slumped | 動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù): slumps |
slump常見例句
1 、Jordan Farmar broke free from a monthlong slump with 13 points as the Lakers' reserves basically won the game.───喬丹法瑪爾在消沉了一整個(gè)月后終于蘇醒了,他拿下了13分,成為獲勝的關(guān)鍵!
2 、It can also imply a recovery from some kind of slump or period of quietude.───它也暗示了從某種衰退或是沉寂期的恢復(fù)。
3 、The slump began in earnest after the opening in 1959 of the St Lawrence Seaway, which bypassed the Erie Canal.───伴隨著1959年圣羅倫斯河海上航道的開通,伊利運(yùn)河被繞開,布法羅也走向了真正意義上的衰落。
4 、But with the slump in the U.S. housing market, Haier's 'timing is tough,' says Mr.Torgerson.───不過托杰森說,隨著美國房市低迷,海爾的“日子也不好過”。
5 、Like other But like other electronic electronics companies, it's been hit hard by the worldwide slum slump in demand.───但是和其他電子公司一樣,三星在全球性的需求暴跌中深受打擊。
6 、Even in this year's unilateral market slump, corporate annuity return on investment is often better than the market.───即使在今年這樣的單邊暴跌市場中,企業(yè)年金的投資收益也往往好于大盤。
7 、The 1990-91 market slump fits that pattern.───1990年至1991年間的股市下跌就以這種模式發(fā)生。
8 、You see, the market is in a slump.───你看,市場不景氣。
9 、On past form the slowdown seemed likely to presage a long slump.───從過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看,這種下降很可能是經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條的預(yù)兆。
10 、There was a serious slump in the 1930s.───二十世紀(jì)三十年代發(fā)生過嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。
11 、All this as the U.K. endures its worst housing slump in 30 years, with 4 consecutive months of housing price falls.───在住房價(jià)格連續(xù)4個(gè)月下跌的同時(shí),英國忍受著30年來最糟糕的房屋價(jià)值下跌的現(xiàn)實(shí)。
12 、Forex reserve rises as trade slump eases.───國際貿(mào)易不景氣減緩,中國外匯儲備增加。
13 、It could make you more alert and help you avoid an afternoon energy slump(1).───它能讓你更加清醒,還能幫你避免下午犯困。
14 、Direct mutations could spur the blind process of natural selection out of its slump and propel it toward increasing complexity.───定向突變可以刺激自然選擇的盲目進(jìn)程,把后者帶出泥潭,將其推向越來越復(fù)雜的狀態(tài)。
15 、But even as the synchronised slump has underlined the implications of this integration, it has turned politics inwards.───但正當(dāng)同步發(fā)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條凸顯出這種一體化的含義之際,政治也被卷了進(jìn)來。
16 、If the slump continues, more men will be stood off.───如果經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條持續(xù)下去,將有更多的人被解雇。
17 、But central bankers and regulators have the tools to stop a downturn from becoming a slump, so long as they use them sensibly.───但是中央銀行家和管理者們有辦法阻止下滑,不使其變成一場暴跌,只要他們合理地運(yùn)用這些手段。
18 、But there is anger in government that the home team's doping scandals - and a tourism slump - are ruining Greece's image.───但是,本國運(yùn)動(dòng)員的興奮劑丑聞和旅游業(yè)的低靡破壞了希臘的形象,這使希臘政府十分惱火。
19 、On the heels of unemployment problem came a slump.───失業(yè)問題之后,緊接著又發(fā)生了經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣。
20 、"Berry's announcement shows that Evansville is moving forward and we are setting a course to lead Indiana out of its current economic slump.───“貝瑞的宣布表明,埃文斯維爾正在向前推進(jìn),我們正在制定過程導(dǎo)致印第安納擺脫目前的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。
21 、In a slump a lot of labourers are sent home.───在蕭條的時(shí)期,許多工人被解雇了。
22 、She is in a slump in her career.───她處在事業(yè)的低谷。
23 、The blame goes to a slump in tax revenue, and a surge in spending on the bank bailout.───人們紛紛責(zé)怪稅收收入的下降以及在救助銀行業(yè)方面的大量花費(fèi)。
24 、Sunglass were also hit by the industry slump but maintained their place on optical store shelves.───太陽鏡雖然產(chǎn)業(yè)暴跌,但維護(hù)了他們貯存上傾斜。
25 、Despite the club’s recent slump in form, they were crowned Winter Champions on Saturday and will now host Rimini at the Stadio Olimpico next.───盡管尤文圖斯最近的表現(xiàn)有所下滑,但是“斑馬軍團(tuán)”仍然取得了冬季冠軍,本周末,尤文將會在主場迎戰(zhàn)里米尼。
26 、Due to the economic slump, many companies face cutbacks.───因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)不景氣,許多公司都面臨裁員的窘境。
27 、He has dealt reasonably well with the housing-market slump.───他在住宅市場暴跌中應(yīng)對的相當(dāng)好。
28 、Well, with the economy in a slump, it's harder and harder to find clients.───嗯,由于經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條,找客戶越來越難。
29 、They can expect an earful on what the slump is doing economically.───他們將因商業(yè)不景氣對經(jīng)濟(jì)所產(chǎn)生的影響而受到嚴(yán)厲的訓(xùn)斥。
30 、But the truth is, I'm kind of in a slump.─── 不過事實(shí)上 我現(xiàn)在有點(diǎn)不受歡迎了
31 、Money held by households and firms is contracting - a harbinger of disinflation and slump.───家庭和商戶所持有的現(xiàn)金在縮水,這預(yù)示著通貨緊縮和經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條。
32 、Five straight league victories and a slump for leaders Barcelona have raised Real Madrid's hopes that the tide is finally turning in their favour.───依靠在聯(lián)賽中的5連勝,加上目前“領(lǐng)頭羊”巴塞羅那隊(duì)近期的萎靡不振,西班牙**馬德里隊(duì)目前清楚地意識到,聯(lián)賽冠軍的爭奪正悄悄地向有利于他們的一面發(fā)展。
33 、They both slump to the ground unconscious.───她們都倒地昏迷不醒了。
34 、Business Week held that steel's slump is just beginning.───《商業(yè)周刊》認(rèn)為鋼鐵生產(chǎn)急劇的下降才剛剛開始。
35 、When not the centre of attention Warner looks a bit sulky.He tends to slump in his chair, slide his short legs forward, throw his head back.───當(dāng)不被公眾注意時(shí),沃納就擺出一份悶悶不樂的樣子:身體陷在椅子里,肥短的雙腿筆挺地伸著,頭耷拉在椅背上。
36 、Deutsche Telecom's shares saw a big slump over the past few months, giving Sommer heavy pressure and forcing him to resign at last.───幾個(gè)月來德意志電信公司的股價(jià)大跌,使得索默承受到巨大壓力,最后不得不辭職。
37 、At the same time, exports grew at a slow pace, while tourist earnings were hit by a slump in tourist arrival.───同時(shí),出口增長速度亦減慢,旅游業(yè)收益因到港旅客大幅減少而受到打擊。
38 、Despite the slump in consumer confidence McCall still expects demand for some items to rise next month.───盡管不景氣,消費(fèi)者信心麥考爾仍預(yù)計(jì)需求的一些項(xiàng)目上升下個(gè)月。
39 、Economic growth has slowed, but the country has withstood the global slump well.───盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度慢下來,但是這個(gè)國家在應(yīng)對世界經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑時(shí)做得很好。
40 、The population, which had been in a slump, was rapidly rising.─── 原本衰退的人口數(shù)也開始激增
41 、In general, use concrete with a moderate slump.───一般來說,應(yīng)使用中度坍落度混凝土.
42 、And you were slumped down in a chair.─── 你還說自己滑到座位下面了
43 、Credit wobbles by themselves, therefore, need not prompt an investment slump.───因此,它們自行產(chǎn)生的信貸波動(dòng)不會導(dǎo)致投資驟降。
44 、Gill was dwelling on the consequences of the slump.───吉爾一直在考慮這衰退的后果。
45 、A catastrophic slump would not only endanger their positions but would also bring into question the form of regime that has ruled since 1978.───一場災(zāi)難性的蕭條不僅將危及其地位,而且也將讓人們對自1978年以來政權(quán)的統(tǒng)治形勢產(chǎn)生疑問。
46 、In America an increase of 12 percentage points in the budget deficit has cushioned the slump in private spending.───在美國,增加12%的財(cái)政赤字對私人消費(fèi)暴跌起到了緩沖的作用。
47 、The baby has come out of his slump.───寶貝終于擺脫了萎靡不振的狀態(tài)。
48 、My mother would hit me if I slumped.─── 稍有失態(tài) 我媽就會打我的
49 、The worldwide slump has thrown all such generalities out the window.───全球經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條已讓這些規(guī)矩?zé)熛粕⒘恕?/p>
50 、But the slump came from financial excesses, not poor productivity growth.───但是衰退的起因卻是投資過度,而不是低下的生產(chǎn)增長率。
51 、And now the world slump has clobbered Botswana's diamond industry, squeezing GDP by a tenth.───并且,當(dāng)前世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的蕭條重創(chuàng)了博茨瓦納的鉆石企業(yè),導(dǎo)致GDP縮水十分之一。
52 、The world is scraping Bottom in the deepest economic slump in a half-century.───世界目前正處在半個(gè)世紀(jì)以來最嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的溝底。
53 、At the same time, Japan slides deeper into a slump, and we see all the output declines of this past year repeated.───與此同時(shí),日本將陷入更深的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退困境;今年各方面所經(jīng)歷的出產(chǎn)量衰退情況將會重現(xiàn)。
54 、At this point in time it is hard to say how long the economic slump will last.───在目前情況下,很難說這次經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條將持續(xù)多久。
55 、The rate of decline slowed, raising hopes that the export slump may be bottoming out.───下降的速度減慢,出口量有望反彈。
56 、The IPO also comes at a time when Silicon Valley shows signs of emerging from a prolonged slump.───另外,此次IPO恰好選擇在硅谷開始逐漸顯露出擺脫長期衰退跡象的時(shí)候。
57 、"For all that the stock market's still firm: no sign of a slump yet.───“可是近來公債市場倒立穩(wěn)了,沒有大跌風(fēng);
58 、At other times, business activity is likely to slump, hitting a low point below the trend line.───在另外的某些年份商業(yè)活動(dòng)好象掉進(jìn)陷坑,達(dá)到趨勢直線以下的某個(gè)最低點(diǎn)。
59 、Yitingwang: They found it especially hard to deal with the recent slump in the coffee price.───他們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們很難處理最近咖啡價(jià)格的驟降。
60 、I know how you can't go through the afternoon slump without it.─── 我知道你不喝咖啡的話 下午熬不過去
61 、Don't slump, it's bad for your spine.─── 別耷拉著腦袋 對頸椎不好
62 、When this kid breaks a slump, he breaks it.─── 當(dāng)這家伙厚積薄發(fā)時(shí) 他就能爆發(fā)
63 、The general slump, after years of breakneck growth and soaring prices, has spread its poison through the economy.───在多年的高速發(fā)展和物價(jià)猛漲后,全面的蕭條已經(jīng)毒害到了迪拜的經(jīng)濟(jì)。
64 、Indonesia's slump in the last year is possibly the worst that any country not at war has ever had.───印尼過去一年的衰退,是有史以來非戰(zhàn)亂國家所遭受的最嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)打擊。
65 、The slump on wall street set up a chain reaction in stock market around the world.───華爾街金融滑坡引起世界股票市場的連鎖反應(yīng)。
66 、The glib answer is that America has two economies: residential construction and car production are in a slump, but the rest is still chugging along.───一個(gè)圓滑的解釋是,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)目前可以分為兩個(gè)部分:正處在衰退中的住房建造業(yè)和汽車制造業(yè)以及依舊馬里十足的其他行業(yè)。而后者讓美國人感到樂觀。
67 、To get through the slump, the airport hotel has had to resort to promotional buffets and cheap spa packages for locals.───度過不景氣,機(jī)場酒店已不得不求助于促銷自助餐和廉價(jià)溫泉包當(dāng)?shù)厝恕?/p>
68 、If only in this respect, the scale of Japan's slump benefits Mr Aso for now, since it has stilled such a rebellion.───如果僅僅是這方面的問題,那對于麻生來說至少目前他是經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的“受益者”,因?yàn)樗恢痹谟y而上。
69 、If the slump continue s,more will be stood off.───如果繼續(xù)不景氣的話,就會有更多的人被解雇。
70 、Sit up straight. Don't slump !───坐直了,別垂頭喪氣的。
71 、If you were to analyse his performances, it would probably be concluded that the recovery form the slump began after he'd been substituted at Anfield.───如果你要分析他的表現(xiàn),那么你的結(jié)論很可能是他自從在從安菲爾德被換下以后,便開始從低潮中復(fù)蘇過來。
72 、Even white truffles, the prized culinary delicacy, could not escape the slump.───即便是食中珍饈松露也難逃貶值的命運(yùn)。
73 、I also knew I was the reason that you went into your slump.─── 我也知道你變得消沉都是因?yàn)槲?/p>
74 、The slump forced many small farmers to switch to other crops, or migrate to cities.───價(jià)格下滑迫使許多農(nóng)戶改種其他作物或者遷往城市。
75 、Yet as the global economic slump deepened, exports of goods to all the major markets successively receded.───對外貿(mào)易方面,本港整體出口貨物在年初仍略有增長,但隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)一步下滑,輸往所有主要市場的出口貨物量先后萎縮。
76 、However, the closing session saw three major indexes' slump with the Dow Jones index remaining in low for 7 trading days in a row.───不過,尾盤空頭氣焰高漲,三大指數(shù)齊步下挫,道瓊指數(shù)已經(jīng)連續(xù)七個(gè)交易日走低。
77 、Parma dro ed to eighth after suffering a shock 2-0 home defeat to Vicenza, while Udinese's slump in form continued with 3-1 home defeat to Fiorentina.───帕爾馬主場爆大冷以二比零敗給維琴察,跌至聯(lián)賽榜第八位。烏甸尼斯持續(xù)不振,在主場以一比三敗給費(fèi)倫天拿。
78 、Worryingly, the effects of the housing slump may be spreading.───令人擔(dān)憂的是,樓市衰退的影響將**開來。
79 、"And some people are expecting a slump!───“也有人看跌呢!
80 、if he goes into shock, he could pass out and slump down.─── 如果他休克了 會昏倒在地
81 、Larry Bird recently came up with an interesting explanation for the Boston Celtics' slump.───伯德最近提出一項(xiàng)有趣的解釋,來說明波士頓爾特人[籃球隊(duì)]何以走下坡。
82 、Well,with the economy in a slump,it's harder and harder to find clients.───嗯,由于經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條,找新客戶越來越難。
83 、Ho Hsiu-mei shuddered as she moaned these words, then let her head slump forward, heart-broken.───何秀妹身體一抖,叫了起來,接著就像很傷心似的垂下了頭。
84 、There is more unemployment or underemployment of labour and capital equipment in the slump than in the boom.───在衰退時(shí)期比繁榮時(shí)期勞動(dòng)力和資本設(shè)備方面出現(xiàn)更多失業(yè)或就業(yè)不足的現(xiàn)象。
85 、Global FDI recovered strongly in the past few years after a deep slump.───在過去的幾年中,全球FDI從低迷中蘇醒進(jìn)入快速回升階段。
86 、Your shoulders are slumped and your hair's all straighten out..─── 你耷拉著肩膀 弄個(gè)直頭發(fā)
87 、Meanwhile, the slump in housing suggested banks will continue to face souring mortgage debt.───與此同時(shí),房市的不景氣意味著銀行將繼續(xù)面臨不斷飛漲的抵押負(fù)債債。
88 、The economic slump has taken the shine off bling, with profits plunging at Bulgari, the world's third largest jeweller.───世界第三大珠寶商寶格麗利潤下降,這場經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退也褪去了以往珠光寶氣富貴逼人的耀眼光芒。
89 、The Nikkei shed an unprecedented 42% last year, today its rise has come despite a deepening slump in Japanese economy.───去年日經(jīng)股指史無前例的下跌了42%,盡管日本的經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣日趨深化,仍迎來了上漲。
90 、If the slump continues, more workers will be stood off.───如果經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條持續(xù)下去,將會有更多的人被解雇。
與天然氣水合物分解有關(guān)的海底滑坡和氣候突變事件
倪玉根1,2 夏真1,2 馬勝中1,2
(1.廣州海洋地質(zhì)調(diào)查局 廣州510760;2.國土資源部海底礦產(chǎn)資源重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 廣州510760)
基金項(xiàng)目:國家海洋局海底科學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開放基金(KLSG0905)。第一作者簡介:倪玉根(1984—),男,碩士,主要從事海洋地質(zhì)和天然氣水合物研究工作。Email:niyugen@163.com。
摘要 在地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期,天然氣水合物分解引發(fā)的海底滑坡在世界海域內(nèi)廣泛分布,著名的有挪威岸外Storegga滑坡、美國阿拉斯加北部Beaufort Sea陸坡滑坡、美國東海岸南卡羅來納大陸隆上Cape Fear滑坡、巴西東北部大陸邊緣的亞馬遜扇、以及西地中海巴利阿里盆地中的巨濁積層等;天然氣水合物分解引發(fā)的氣候突變事件也多次發(fā)生,著名的有侏羅紀(jì)早托爾階大洋缺氧事件(Early Toarcian OAE)、白堊紀(jì)阿普特階大洋缺氧事件(Aptian OAE)、晚古新世極熱事件(LPTM),以及第四紀(jì)間冰期全球變暖等。不論是在地質(zhì)歷史寒冷期由于靜水壓力快速降低,還是在地質(zhì)歷史溫暖期由于底水變暖,都可能會造成天然氣水合物失穩(wěn)而發(fā)生分解,從而誘發(fā)海底滑坡(滑塌),釋放巨量的甲烷進(jìn)入大氣導(dǎo)致全球氣候劇變。天然氣水合物分解引起的海底滑坡和氣候突變事件,不僅可以發(fā)生在過去,也可能發(fā)生在將來,其影響都有可能是災(zāi)難性的。因此,我們在勘探開發(fā)天然氣水合物的同時(shí),也應(yīng)對其環(huán)境效應(yīng)進(jìn)行深入研究,評價(jià)和權(quán)衡人類開發(fā)天然氣水合物的利弊,以期把握天然氣水合物資源效益和環(huán)境效應(yīng)之間的平衡。
關(guān)鍵詞 天然氣水合物 海底滑坡 氣候變化
1 前言
天然氣水合物是在高壓低溫條件下,由某些特定的氣體分子(主要是甲烷)和水分子組成的固態(tài)的非定比的籠形化合物。天然氣水合物作為新型的清潔能源,尤其在現(xiàn)今能源短缺的背景下,具有廣闊的開發(fā)前景。保守估計(jì),天然氣水合物中蘊(yùn)藏的能量是其它所有化石燃料總和的兩倍[1]。天然氣水合物資源主要存在于海洋環(huán)境,全球大陸邊緣中儲藏的甲烷(包括天然氣水合物和游離氣)多達(dá)10~20萬億噸[2~4]。美國、日本、加拿大、德國、印度和中國等國家對天然氣水合物資源的勘探開發(fā)都投入了巨資,并取得了重大突破。多個(gè)國家已制定了時(shí)間表,計(jì)劃實(shí)現(xiàn)天然氣水合物的商業(yè)化開采。然而,天然氣水合物在具備巨大的資源效益的同時(shí),一旦發(fā)生分解,會引發(fā)災(zāi)難性的海底滑坡和氣候突變。
2 天然氣水合物分解引發(fā)的海底滑坡
天然氣水合物分解引發(fā)的海底滑坡(滑塌)在世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛分布。研究最多的是末次冰期時(shí)形成的挪威岸外Storegga滑坡,美國阿拉斯加北部Beaufort Sea陸坡滑坡,美國東海岸南卡羅來納大陸隆上Cape Fear滑坡,巴西東北部大陸邊緣的亞馬遜扇,以及西地中海巴利阿里盆地中的巨濁積層等。
挪威岸外的Storegga(“Great Edge”)滑坡系[5]是研究最好的海底滑坡之一,其谷頭陡壁位于離岸100km外的陸架邊緣,長達(dá)290km。該滑坡系從大陸坡一直延伸到3600m的深海盆,距離超過800km,滑坡造成的碎屑沉積最厚達(dá)450m,總體積約5600km3。該滑坡系有三期活動(dòng),第一期規(guī)模最大(約3880km3),可能發(fā)生在30000~50000年前,其它兩期發(fā)生在6000~8000年前。第二期滑坡與第一期滑坡相比上溯了6~8km,破壞了450km3的陸架邊緣,該滑坡中兩個(gè)150~200m厚,10×30km寬的土層,沿著陸坡(平均坡度0.3°)向下移動(dòng)了約200km。第三期滑坡局限在第二期滑坡殘痕的上面,可能是第二期滑坡最后期的活動(dòng)。在挪威盆地的最深部位,距滑坡谷頭超過700km,沉積了一塊超過6m厚的細(xì)粒濁積體,可能與第二期滑坡有關(guān)。Storegga滑坡的滑動(dòng)面與天然氣水合物的底界(BSR)在同一深度。Bugge等[5]認(rèn)為是地震和天然氣水合物分解導(dǎo)致沉積物液化從而觸發(fā)了Storegga滑坡。該滑坡的第一期活動(dòng)可能導(dǎo)致了5×1015 g甚至更多甲烷的釋放[6]。
阿拉斯加北部Beaufort Sea陸坡處發(fā)育巨大的海底滑坡(滑塌)帶[7],其范圍與天然氣水合物沉積區(qū)的范圍(根據(jù)地震資料推斷)相吻合(圖1)。Kayen和Lee[7]認(rèn)為,在晚更新世海退期,大約在28000~17000年期間,海平面下降了100m左右,導(dǎo)致海床上的靜水壓力降低了約1000kPa。壓力的降低導(dǎo)致天然氣水合物的分解,釋放出大量的甲烷和水,導(dǎo)致海底發(fā)生崩塌,形成巨大的海底滑坡。
Cape Fear滑坡位于美國東海岸卡羅萊納海隆,其谷頭陡壁長達(dá)50km,高120m,其滑坡殘痕和滑塌沉積至少向下延伸了400km[8]。Cape Fear滑坡中沉積物發(fā)生崩塌的區(qū)域其地層中的BSR 極其清楚[8~9]。Paull等[10]通過14C測年確定Cape Fear滑坡的形成于14500~29000年期間,屬于末次冰期低海面時(shí)期。
在亞馬遜河口外,地震資料顯示亞馬遜扇上至少存在4個(gè)由滑坡產(chǎn)生的大型塊體搬運(yùn)沉積體(MTD),每個(gè)沉積體的規(guī)模約104km2,厚50~100m。其中一個(gè)滑坡留下了120m高的滑坡陡崖[11]。Piper等[11]認(rèn)為在晚更新世海平面下降時(shí)期,天然氣水合物的分解引起沉積物失穩(wěn)形成海底滑坡,從而導(dǎo)致這些大型塊體搬運(yùn)沉積事件的發(fā)生。
西地中海巴利阿里盆地中的巨濁積層[12],厚8~10m,頂部位于海底以下10~12m,穿過西地中海的深水海床。該濁積層的體積為500km3,形成時(shí)間為22000年前(已從14C年齡校正為日歷年齡)。Rothwell等[12]認(rèn)為該巨濁積層的形成原因是,在末次冰盛期海平面最低之時(shí),可能由于天然氣水合物分解和(或)地震活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致大陸邊緣產(chǎn)生巨大的海底滑坡,繼而形成強(qiáng)大的重力流(濁流),將大量的沉積物搬運(yùn)至深海平原。
綜上,天然氣水合物分解形成海底滑坡的機(jī)制可總結(jié)為:在末次冰期低海面時(shí)期,海水壓力快速降低,導(dǎo)致天然氣水合物失穩(wěn)而分解,誘發(fā)海底滑坡(滑塌),進(jìn)而形成濁
流,將沉積物搬運(yùn)至深海平原,形成巨濁積層(圖2)。在此過程中,天然氣水合物分解亦會導(dǎo)致巨量的甲烷釋放進(jìn)入大氣,可能會引起氣候變化。
圖1 阿拉斯加岸外Beaufort Sea大陸邊緣地質(zhì)圖。海底滑坡帶的范圍和天然氣水合物沉積區(qū)的范圍相吻合[7]
Fig.1 Map of the continental margin of the Beaufort Sea offshore from Alaska showing the coincident regions of large landslides and gas hydrates[7]
3 天然氣水合物分解引發(fā)的氣候突變事件
天然氣水合物分解釋放的巨量甲烷可能會導(dǎo)致劇烈的氣候變化,引發(fā)大洋缺氧和全球變暖等災(zāi)難性后果,導(dǎo)致大規(guī)模的物種滅絕。在地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期,可能與天然氣水合物分解有關(guān)的著名事件有侏羅紀(jì)早托爾階大洋缺氧事件(Early Toarcian OAE)、白堊紀(jì)阿普特階大洋缺氧事件(Aptian OAE)、晚古新世極熱事件(LPTM),以及第四紀(jì)間冰期全球變暖等。
侏羅紀(jì)早托爾階大洋缺氧事件,發(fā)生于183Ma前,造成了異常高的有機(jī)碳沉積,高溫,以及大規(guī)模的生物滅絕[14~17]。該事件在地質(zhì)歷史上的主要識別標(biāo)志是碳同位素負(fù)漂移。海洋碳酸鹽中的δ13C漂移量為-2‰~-5‰,樹木化石中的δ13C漂移量為-4‰~-7‰[18]。Hesselbo等[18]從樹木化石中獲得的陸相δ13C漂移說明侏羅紀(jì)早托爾階大洋缺氧事件造成的碳同位素異常不僅出現(xiàn)在海洋中,而且也出現(xiàn)在全球碳循環(huán)記錄中[19]。Hesselbo等[18]認(rèn)為該事件的成因是:強(qiáng)烈的火山活動(dòng)和(或)構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng),引發(fā)海洋環(huán)境發(fā)生改變,從而導(dǎo)致天然氣水合物分解并釋放大量的甲烷,造成δ13C的負(fù)偏移(甲烷的δ13C約為-60‰)。早托爾階處于海平面上升期,造成天然氣水合物分解的原因?yàn)榈姿疁囟鹊脑龈?。Hesselbo等[18]采用Dickens等[20]估算LPTM事件中甲烷釋放量的方法,認(rèn)為δ13C的偏移量為-2‰~-3.5‰,估算出釋放的甲烷量為1.5×1018~2.7×1018g碳,占目前天然氣水合物儲量的14%~24%。
圖2 巨濁積體可能的形成模式圖。天然氣水合物分解可能會引起海底沉積體失穩(wěn)而發(fā)生崩塌,在大陸坡上形成向下運(yùn)動(dòng)的海底滑坡和高密度的沉積物流(濁流)并在深海平原形成濁流沉積層[13]
Fig.2 The likely mode of formation of a megaturbidite deposit.Unstable sediment accumulations collapse when perturbed,maybe with associated release of methane,resulting in a submarine landslide and flow of dense currents of sediment(turbidity currents)down a continental slope.The end result is turbidite sequences on the abyssal plain[13]
白堊紀(jì)阿普特階大洋缺氧事件,發(fā)生于120 Ma前,與侏羅紀(jì)早托爾階大洋缺氧事件非常相似。在此事件中,碳酸鹽中的δ13C漂移量為-2.5‰~-3‰[21],樹木化石中的δ13C漂移量達(dá)到-7‰[22]。
晚古新世極熱事件,發(fā)生于55.5Ma年前,深海鉆探樣品中的海洋沉積物、動(dòng)物化石牙齒琺瑯質(zhì)、以及陸地地層中的碳酸鹽和有機(jī)質(zhì)中顯著的δ13C負(fù)漂移,都記錄了此次事件。該事件中δ13C漂移量為-2.5‰,該負(fù)漂移在隨后的0.2Ma中即恢復(fù)正常[20,23]。Dickens等[20,23]提出LPTM假說,認(rèn)為此時(shí)海洋溫度升高,新的地溫線建立,導(dǎo)致在初始地溫線和水合物平衡曲線之間的天然氣水合物發(fā)生分解,釋放出巨量的甲烷(1.12×1018g),造成環(huán)境跳變(圖3)。LPTM假說的重要性在于它第一次較好地解釋了全球碳循環(huán)以及其它系統(tǒng)是如何與巨量的化石燃料爆發(fā)性釋放產(chǎn)生聯(lián)系,這在現(xiàn)如今的工業(yè)時(shí)代也可能發(fā)生。
第四紀(jì)氣候循環(huán)與極地冰芯中記錄的大氣中甲烷含量波動(dòng)是一致的[25~27],第四紀(jì)間冰期劇烈的全球變暖與大氣中甲烷濃度的快速增加相吻合[28]。Kennett等[29]分析了Santa Barbara盆地的ODP893 A孔的浮游有孔蟲和底棲有孔蟲的δ13C和δ18O曲線,發(fā)現(xiàn)60000年以來間冰期中底棲有孔蟲的δ13C具有較大的負(fù)偏移(-5‰),其原因是天然氣水合物分解釋放甲烷所致。有些時(shí)間段中,大的底棲有孔蟲δ13C負(fù)偏移(達(dá)-6‰)和較小的浮游有孔蟲δ13C(達(dá)-3‰)同時(shí)出現(xiàn),則反映更大規(guī)模的天然氣水合物分解。天然氣水合物分解的主要原因是間冰期時(shí)中層水溫度的升高(達(dá)2~3.5℃),其分解同時(shí)也造成了海底失穩(wěn)從而形成海底滑坡(滑塌)。Kennett等[30]進(jìn)一步提出“水合物**假說”(“the hydrate gun hypothesis”),認(rèn)為15000年前,天然水合物分解釋放的甲烷導(dǎo)致了劇烈的全球變暖。
圖3 晚古新世極熱事件(LPTM)可能的成因圖。底水溫度升高4℃,導(dǎo)致在初始地溫線和水合物平衡曲線之間的天然氣水合物發(fā)生分解,釋放出巨量的甲烷并氧化成二氧化碳,進(jìn)一步加劇氣候變暖。圖中小矩形為天然氣水合物穩(wěn)定帶[24]
Fig.3 Hypothesized causes of the Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum(LPTM),the ocean was warmed by 4 ℃,the hydrates between the original geotherm and the equilibrium curve would melt,resulting in methane expulsion to the environment,where it would be oxidized to carbon dioxide,leading to significant further warming.Hydrate stability zone shown by the small vertical rectangle[24]
綜上,天然氣水合物分解引發(fā)氣候變化的機(jī)制可總結(jié)為:在地質(zhì)歷史溫暖期,由于底水變暖,引發(fā)天然氣水合物分解并釋放出巨量的甲烷,導(dǎo)致全球氣候劇變,產(chǎn)生大規(guī)模生物滅絕等災(zāi)難性后果,如今多被記錄在沉積物的δ13C負(fù)偏移中(圖4)。在此過程中,天然氣水合物分解亦會導(dǎo)致海底失穩(wěn)從而形成海底滑坡(滑塌)。
4 結(jié)語
綜述前人的研究成果,總結(jié)如下:
1)在地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期,天然氣水合物分解引發(fā)的海底滑坡在世界海域內(nèi)廣泛分布,著名的有挪威岸外Storegga滑坡、美國阿拉斯加北部Beaufort Sea陸坡滑坡、美國東海岸南卡羅來納大陸隆上Cape Fear滑坡、巴西東北部大陸邊緣的亞馬遜扇、以及西地中海巴利阿里盆地中的巨濁積層等;天然氣水合物分解引發(fā)的氣候突變事件也多次發(fā)生,著名的有侏羅紀(jì)早托爾階大洋缺氧事件(Early Toarcian OAE)、白堊紀(jì)阿普特階大洋缺氧事件(Aptian OAE)、晚古新世極熱事件(LPTM),以及第四紀(jì)間冰期全球變暖等。
圖4 甲烷釋放與碳循環(huán)圖[19]
a—地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期,事件性的溫室效應(yīng)可能導(dǎo)致海洋天然氣水合物的突然釋放,被記錄為碳同位素的負(fù)異常。釋放的CH4會氧化成CO2,導(dǎo)致溫室氣候的加??;b—作為對CO2含量升高的響應(yīng),生物圈表現(xiàn)為洋底有機(jī)碳沉積的加速和碳酸鹽生產(chǎn)的危機(jī),被記錄為碳同位素的正異常
Fig.4 Methane release and the carbon cycle[19]
a—In the past,episodes of greenhouse warming may have caused the sudden release of methane from gas hydrates in ocean sediments,as recorded in a negative carbonisotope anomaly.Methane⁃derived CO2led to the amplification of the greenhouse climate;b—The biosphere responded to the higher CO2levels with accelerated burial of organic carbon on the ocean floor,and with crises in carbonate production,as recorded in positive carbon⁃isotope anomalies
2)不論是在地質(zhì)歷史寒冷期由于靜水壓力快速降低,還是在地質(zhì)歷史溫暖期由于底水變暖,都可能會造成天然氣水合物失穩(wěn)而發(fā)生分解,從而誘發(fā)海底滑坡(滑塌),釋放巨量的甲烷進(jìn)入大氣導(dǎo)致全球氣候劇變,產(chǎn)生災(zāi)難性的后果。
總之,天然氣水合物分解引起的海底滑坡和氣候突變事件,不僅可以發(fā)生在過去,也可能發(fā)生在將來,其影響都可能是災(zāi)難性的。然而,人類對資源的渴求必然導(dǎo)致天然氣水合物勘探開發(fā)的力度不斷加大。因此,我們在勘探開發(fā)天然氣水合物的同時(shí),也應(yīng)對其環(huán)境效應(yīng)進(jìn)行深入研究,評價(jià)和權(quán)衡人類開發(fā)天然氣水合物的利弊,以期把握天然氣水合物資源效益和環(huán)境效應(yīng)之間的平衡。
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The submarine landslides and climate change events related to gas hydrate dissociation
Ni Yugen1,2,Xia Zhen1,2,Ma Shengzhong1,2
(1.Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey,Guangzhou,510760;2.Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Reasources,MLR,Guangzhou,510760)
Abstract:During geological history,submarine landslides related to gas hydrate dissociation occurred worldwide such as Storegga landslide off Norway,Beaufort Sea continental slope landslide off northern Alaska,Cape Fear landslide off east coast of USA,Amazon fan off northeastern Brazil,the Megaturbidite in in the western Mediterranean Sea,and climate change events happened repeatedly such as Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event(OAE)during Jurassic,Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event(OAE)during cretaceous,Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum(LPTM),Global warming during Quaternary interstadials.Both sudden decrease of hydrostatic pressure during the geological cold period(such as Last Glaciation),and sharp increase of bottom water temperature during the geological warm period,are likely leading to gas hydrate dissociation,resulting in forming submarine landslide(slump)and causing climate change.The submarine landslides and climate change events related to gas hydrate dissociation not only happened in the past,but also could happen in the future,and the effect both could be catastrophic.Therefore,while we enthusiastically focus on exploring and developing gas hydrate,we should further study its environmental effects,assess and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of exploration and development of gas hydrate resources,in order to keeping the balance between resource benefits and environment effects.
Key words:Gas hydrate;Submarine landslide;Climate change
雅思小作文中,描述不同程度的下跌都有哪些詞
程度比較輕:dip,slide
程度一般:decline,drop,decrease,diminish
程度激烈:plumb,plunge,plummet,nosepe,tumble,slump
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