?proposer

proposer發(fā)音

[prə'pəuzə]

英：　　美：

proposer中文意思翻譯

n. 申請(qǐng)人, 提案人

proposer詞形變化

動(dòng)詞過去式: proposed | 動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù): proposes | 動(dòng)詞過去分詞: proposed | 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞: proposing | 名詞: proposer |

proposer同義詞

insinuate | throw out | put forward | resolve | dream of | to | throw | project | a | mean | launch | introduce | urge | suggest | declare oneself | say | aver | drive at | initiate | declare | open | purpose | dream | maintain | tender | designate | come up with | broach | make a bid | intend | bid | prescribe | allege | design | move | of | prefer | state | expect | commend | aim | proposition | plan | up | with | predicate | advance | promote | offer | have in mind | at | pitch | advise | recommend | out | come | name | aspire to | present | proffer | nominate | drive | advocate | aspire | voice | volunteer | submit | purport | pop the question | assert | make

proposer反義詞

deny

proposer常見例句

1 、Issuing bank trusts all the importing documents to proposer will not result in out of hand of issuing bank, and regulations in trust law do not conflict with guarantee law.───四、開證行將具有全套進(jìn)口的單據(jù)信托給開證申請(qǐng)人不會(huì)脫手,擔(dān)保法上的要求和信托法上約定并不構(gòu)成沖突。

2 、hors de propos───不合用

3 、"A propos of revolution," said Joly, "it is decidedly abberent that Barius is in lub.───“說到革命，”若李說，“好象毫無疑問，巴（馬）呂斯正在鬧戀愛。”

4 、The proposer can choose to describe this part by submitting in the form of paperwork, cassette, CD, MP3 or videotape. Please use separate sheets if necessary.───提名人亦可選擇以文字、錄音帶、CD、MP3或錄影帶方式表述此部分內(nèi)容。如有需要，請(qǐng)另頁填寫一并遞交。

5 、This paper elaborates the sources and harms of the atmospheric pollutants in the cities which oil fields are located in and propos...───本文闡述了油田所處城市的大氣污染物的來源和危害并提出一些相應(yīng)的治理措施。

6 、For the reasons of proposer, such as proposer want to cancel application, apply for refusal made by consulate, or terminate case, Japan consulate will not return all materials and our office will also not return service expence.───如因申請(qǐng)人方面的原因，要求中途撤消申請(qǐng)，或申請(qǐng)被領(lǐng)事館拒簽、終止受理等情況，所有簽證資料日本領(lǐng)事館將不予退回，本公司亦不予退回服務(wù)費(fèi)。

7 、Has any claim made/ traffic accident involved/ driving offense convicted for the last 3 years by the Proposer / above Named Driver(s)?───投保人或上列之記名司機(jī)過往三年有否要求任何賠償/牽涉交通意外/被扣分?

8 、In this game, two players, a proposer and a responder, divide a reward.It could be a cake.It could be cash.───在這場(chǎng)游戲中，有兩個(gè)參與者，建議者和回答者，他們一起分可能是塊蛋糕，現(xiàn)金或是一串葡萄的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)品。

9 、The proposer in person for business or professional purposes are covered in all cases.───投保車輛由投保人駕駛用作私人商務(wù)或普通用途均屬保障范圍內(nèi)。

10 、But why, you came up with the proposal.─── 但為什么 這個(gè)主意是你想的

11 、Wanxing Shanghai is a production company that specializing in manufacturing luxury brands boutiques, cosmetics kiosk, roadshow and conference propos.───上海皖星道具設(shè)計(jì)制作有限公司是一家以化妝品專柜、品牌專賣店、企業(yè)形象設(shè)計(jì)制作專業(yè)化公司。

12 、KO PROPO is the world's leading manufacturer of Radio Control Systems exclusively developed for Model Car Use.───正酚，是世界領(lǐng)先的制造商，無線電控制系統(tǒng)專門開發(fā)的汽車模型使用。

13 、Accompanying my proposer was another Rotarian who went to the same church that my family and I attended.───與我的推薦人共同推薦的是與我家人和我屬于共同教會(huì)的另一位扶輪社員。

14 、The composition proposer disposed of the components.───作文提議者處理掉了那些元件。

15 、Before I can be convinced that your proposal is credible, he'll need to be convinced that your proposal is credible.─── 在我足以確信你的提案可取之前 他得先確信你的提案行之有效

16 、The Foundation reserves all rights to acquire additional information, validation, and/or clarification from the Proposer and/or the Applicant for the purpose of processing this application.───為著有效處理是項(xiàng)申請(qǐng)所需，本基金將保留向提名人及/或申請(qǐng)人收取額外資料、核實(shí)證明、及澄清的所有權(quán)利。

17 、Not exactly. I have a proposal for you.─── 也不是 我想給你個(gè)提議

18 、The forth debater from the proposer makes conclusion, which lasts for 3 minutes;───主持人介紹正方四辯正4進(jìn)行總結(jié)陳述，時(shí)間3分鐘；

19 、An engineering method to determine the delamination fracture toughness of composite laminats was propos in the present paper.In addition, its application process was shown.───本文提出了確定復(fù)合材料層板脫層斷裂韌性的一種工程方法,并舉例說明了其使用過程。

20 、It is propo sed that the requirement of grass carp fingerling for vitamin K3 is about 1.9 m g/kg diet.───對(duì)飼料中維生素K3含量和草魚凝血時(shí)間進(jìn)行折線回歸分析表明:草魚幼魚飼料中維生素K3適宜的含量為1.9mg/kg。

21 、The first debater from the proposer makes argument speeches, which lasts for 3 minutes.───正方派一辯正1進(jìn)行辯論發(fā)言，時(shí)間3分鐘；

22 、What do you propose? I don't know.─── 你有什么建議嗎 不知道

23 、But you broke it off after he proposed.─── 但在他求婚之后 你跟他分手了

24 、Individual usually is as a proposer and maker of the inventions and discoveries. In our long history, there is filled with unnumbered such examples.───個(gè)人通常是一個(gè)發(fā)明或發(fā)現(xiàn)的提出者。在歷史長(zhǎng)河中,有很多這樣的例子。

25 、I /we, as Proposer(s), hereby acknowledge that the information submitted in this proposal abstract is factually correct.───我/我們作為建議者，特此確認(rèn)所提交的上述資料是正確的。

26 、This form should be completed by proposer in BLOCK letters. If there is insufficient space, please use separate sheets.───本提名表格須由提名人以正楷填寫。如有需要，請(qǐng)以另頁填寫并一并遞交。

27 、The proposer and opposer make argument speech;───主持人宣布正方和反方進(jìn)行立論發(fā)言；

28 、In order to solve the intractable branching problem i n the complex system reasoning with the standard QSIM algorithm,the paper propos es a decomposing algorithm.───文章針對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的QSIM算法對(duì)于復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)推理求解時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生不可控分枝問題，提出一個(gè)模型分解算法。

29 、Based on a discussion on the new development of the medical science and the actual situation of Nanjing Medical University, the author put forward her propos...───作者從醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展的新的實(shí)際出發(fā),在對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)精神和醫(yī)學(xué)人文精神的必要性作進(jìn)一步闡述的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)的實(shí)際提出對(duì)兩者的融通和共建。

30 、He will also be running AKA Tires, Team Orion motors, batteries and electronics, KO Propo radio gear, and Byron’s fuel.───他還將運(yùn)行抗體輪胎，團(tuán)隊(duì)獵戶座馬達(dá)，電池及電子產(chǎn)品，正酚無線電設(shè)備，和拜倫的燃料。

31 、9 May I propos a toast to our friendship and cooperation?───9我提議為我們的友誼與合作干杯！

32 、Soliciting insurance by means ofmispricing,rebating, or other impropermethods of offering a discount on the insurance premium to the proposer or insured.───對(duì)要保人或被保險(xiǎn)人以錯(cuò)價(jià)、放傭或其他不當(dāng)折減保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)之方法為招攬者。

33 、If the Proposer is not a manufacturer, are the products modified, altered, treated or handled?───如果投保人不是制造商,那產(chǎn)品可以更改、改變或另作處理嗎?

34 、proposer and seconder───[法] 建議人和附議人

35 、The proposer's seconder makes argument speech, which lasts for 3minutes.───正方派二辯正2進(jìn)行辯論發(fā)言，時(shí)間3分鐘；

36 、and then propos'd, that I would place my self in ambush, in some convenient place, with my three guns, all double loaded;───后來,我又想到可以找一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤铰穹饋?把三支**裝上雙倍的彈藥

37 、Where the proposer is forged.───提案人提案，有偽造情事者。

38 、When deliberating the motions, the relevant special committees may invite the proposer to attend as a visitor and show his opinions.───有關(guān)專門委員會(huì)審議的時(shí)候，可以邀請(qǐng)?zhí)岚溉肆邢瘯?huì)議，發(fā)表意見。

39 、Using exaggerated publicity or advertising or other improper methods to solicit insurance to a proposer, insured, or a third party.───對(duì)要保人、被保險(xiǎn)人或第三人以夸大不實(shí)之宣傳、**或其他不當(dāng)之方法為招攬者。

40 、"A propos of revolution," said Joly, "it is decidedly abberent that Barius is in lub."───格朗泰爾咿里哇啦說了這一大陣子，接著就是一陣咳嗽，活該。

41 、While ac knowledging the right of the United States to control its border, the Mexican president said the propos ed fence is not the solution to the immigration problem.───墨西哥總統(tǒng)承認(rèn)美國有權(quán)管理它的邊界，但是他表示防護(hù)墻計(jì)劃不是解決移民問題的方法。

42 、The application scope of the tran sient energy of power system has been extended and a simple method for calculati ng the optimal switching time of pang-pang controlled series capacitor was propo sed.───本文將電力系統(tǒng)中的暫態(tài)能量函數(shù)的應(yīng)用范圍作了**，給出了一種利用系統(tǒng)暫態(tài)能量來計(jì)算乓-乓控制的串補(bǔ)電容最優(yōu)投退時(shí)刻的方法。此方法計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)單，控制規(guī)律易于實(shí)現(xiàn)。

43 、Insect haemolymph melanization can be induced by activating prophenoloxidase (ProPO) cascade.Phenoloxidase (PO) plays an important role in insect humoral immunity.───昆蟲血淋巴黑化的形成由激活酚氧化酶原的級(jí)聯(lián)系統(tǒng)所引發(fā)，酚氧化酶在昆蟲體液免疫中起著重要作用。

44 、QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED BY PROPOSER───投保人務(wù)必回答下列問題

45 、The current situation of the logistics personnel is analyzed and then on the basis some cultivation ways are propos...───本文首先分析了我國物流人才現(xiàn)狀,在此基礎(chǔ)上提出了相應(yīng)的人才培養(yǎng)對(duì)策。

46 、Misrepresenting or failing to explain any matter affecting the rights and interests of the proposer or the insured.───就影響要保人或被保險(xiǎn)人權(quán)益之事項(xiàng)為不實(shí)之說明或不為說明者。

47 、That's why she turned down my proposal.─── 這就是她拒絕我求婚的原因

48 、An optimizing method of laser parameters is propos ed.───對(duì)激光沖擊強(qiáng)化過程中激光參數(shù)的選擇進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化。

49 、{0>1.Misrepresenting or failing to explain any matter affecting the rights and interests of the proposer or the insured.───一、就影響要保人或被保險(xiǎn)人權(quán)益之事項(xiàng)為不實(shí)之說明或不為說明者。

50 、Some new phenomena were experimentally found, and a possible mechanism of Invar effect was propo.───此外，討論了鐵基納米晶合金中與因瓦效應(yīng)相關(guān)的幾個(gè)問題。

51 、People in general thought him a lunatic, and blamed his Reform Club friends for having accepted a wager which betrayed the mental aberration of its proposer.───大家都認(rèn)為?？耸莻€(gè)怪人，是個(gè)瘋子。跟他打賭的那些會(huì)員，也受到人們的責(zé)難，人們認(rèn)為想出這種打賭辦法的人腦子也有毛

52 、The proposer and seconder must be ordinary / life member of the Maha Bodhi School Alumni.───上述推薦及附議者必須是普提學(xué)校校友會(huì)之普通或永久會(huì)員.

53 、Individual usually is as a proposer and maker of the inventions and discoveries.───個(gè)人通常是一個(gè)發(fā)明或發(fā)現(xiàn)的提出者。

54 、The proposer, seconder and candidates must not be disqualified at the date of nomination.───提議人,附議人及候選人在提名時(shí)必須具有會(huì)員資格.

55 、All particulars provided in this Proposal Form shall form the basis of the contract between the Insurer and the Proposer.───投保人與承保人所訂之保險(xiǎn)契約乃按照投保書上所提供之一切資料為本.

56 、Our office will audit and then submit to Japan consulate in two days after receiving the complete material issued by proposer.───我司在收到申請(qǐng)人提供的齊全資料后，一般情況下在二天內(nèi)審核并將材料遞交日本領(lǐng)館。

57 、The motion can not be put, because the proposer can not find a seconder for it.───因?yàn)榻ㄗh找不到附議者動(dòng)議不能通過。

58 、You know, we will still interview several proposer before we make final decision.───你知道，在做出最后決定之前我們還要面試幾位申請(qǐng)人。

59 、Personal data collected will be used strictly for matters related to the adjudication of the Award and will not be disclosed unless authorised by the nominee or the proposer.───候選人或提名人提供的個(gè)人資料只會(huì)用于此獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的有關(guān)評(píng)選工作，未經(jīng)候選人或提名人批準(zhǔn)，不會(huì)公開披露。

60 、1 Proposer and Candidate must be owner/corporate authorized representative;───提名人及候選人必須是業(yè)主或公司授權(quán)代表；

61 、Indeed, a propos of the television series, the same senior Chinese diplomat mentioned earlier argued energetically that pacifist Japan's post-war rise was a model of good-neighbourliness that China itself could usefully emulate.───實(shí)際上，這部紀(jì)錄片的支持者，也就是上述那位外交官言之鑿鑿的指出：日本戰(zhàn)后堅(jiān)持走和平之路成為了一個(gè)好鄰居，他的崛起是中國值得學(xué)習(xí)的。

62 、They propose the end state, and the end state is the singularity, but they propose it as something desirable.─── 他們提出這個(gè)終極狀態(tài) 并且這個(gè)終極狀態(tài)是單一的 但是他們是以一種渴望的事物提出的

63 、After this, I made a great heavy pestle or beater, of the wood call'd the iron-wood, and this I prepar'd and laid by against I had my next crop of corn, when i propos'd to my self, to grind, or rather pound my into meal to make my bread.───又用鐵樹做了一個(gè)又大又重的杵。舂谷的工具做好后,我就放起來準(zhǔn)備下次收獲后舂谷做面粉,再用面粉做面包。

64 、Latest CPA management letter along with Proposer's responses to any recommendations.───最近一期注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師之管理建議書及投保公司之復(fù)函。

65 、You proposed to me after a few days.─── 你才認(rèn)識(shí)我?guī)滋炀拖蛭仪蠡榱四?/p>

66 、If Proposer is a manufacturer───如是制造商

67 、G seneter proposer In all, Senator McCain proposes about two hundred billion dollars in new tax cuts for businesses and individuals.───總之，麥克肯參議員計(jì)劃將200億美元用于對(duì)商人及公民的新稅減計(jì)劃上。

68 、The proposer hereby guarantees that this insurance does not relieve any one party from legal responsibility.───投保人保證該保險(xiǎn)的安排不免除第三方依法應(yīng)負(fù)之責(zé)任。

69 、And if several responders compete to become the one to accept a single proposer's offer, the proposer can get away with offering a small amount.───假如幾個(gè)人必須經(jīng)過競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，脫穎而出的人才有機(jī)會(huì)接受一位提議者出價(jià)，那麼通常只要出很低的價(jià)碼就行了。

70 、Remark: The Proposer hereby guarantees that this insurance does not relieve the third parties from legal responsibility.───備注：投保人保證該保險(xiǎn)的安排不免除第三方依法應(yīng)負(fù)之責(zé)任。

71 、So if... if you want to propose to your girlfriend, propose to your girlfriend.─── 所以如果你想向女友求婚 那就求婚吧

72 、The experiments are made with real recorded data and the results demon strate that the performance of sERP estimation is excellent.So the method propo sed is suitable to sERP processing.───實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，我們提出的方法不但具有良好的單次提取效果，而且具有較強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性和穩(wěn)健性。

73 、circle6 All particulars provided in this Proposal Form shall form the basis of the contract between the Insurer and the Proposer.───投保人與承保人所訂之保險(xiǎn)契約乃按照投保書上所提供之一切資料為本。

74 、23 This application must be signed in effect by an officer of the proposer.───本投保書須經(jīng)投保單位負(fù)責(zé)人簽字方為有效。

75 、Based on the result,the paper proposes some valuable propos...───最后根據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果提出了揚(yáng)州市土地利用結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化調(diào)整的政策建議。

76 、This nomination paper shall be signed by the proposer and the seconder, and the candidates(s) to signify his/her consent to serve, if elected.───本提名表格提議人與附議人必須簽名外,候選人也必須簽名同意接受提名,及中選后提供服務(wù).

77 、In the game, a "proposer" is given a sum of money, part of which he or she offers to share with a "responder.───在這個(gè)游戲中，“申請(qǐng)人”會(huì)得到一筆錢，他們可以把其中的一部分錢提供給“回應(yīng)者”，和他們分享。

78 、Based on it,a method of speech denoising is proposed that the noise residual is subtracted from the noisy speech signal in the propo...───實(shí)驗(yàn)表明:上述方法在低信噪比時(shí),仍能較好地保留語音信號(hào)的頻譜結(jié)構(gòu),使音質(zhì)不至于下降。

79 、The proposer and opposer will have a free debate and the speaking time for each side should be accumulated in 5 minutes.───主持人宣布正方和反方進(jìn)行自由辯論，雙方4個(gè)辯手發(fā)言時(shí)間累計(jì)在5分鐘內(nèi)；

80 、Based on new parameters, the vapor-liquid equilibri-um of binary systems have been calculated by UNIFAC model.To improve the accuracy of predictiona new functional group-OCOO was propo...───為提高推算精度，對(duì)碳酸二乙酯進(jìn)行新的基團(tuán)劃分，提出了UNIFAC新基團(tuán)OCOO，重新關(guān)聯(lián)了基團(tuán)相互作用參數(shù)并進(jìn)行了汽液平衡推算，結(jié)果令人滿意。

81 、The proposer had been engage,in the process.───此申請(qǐng)人已被雇主選擇聘?jìng)?，在處理中?/p>

82 、Upon it, a RMT design methodology based concurrency of process planning and machine configuring is propos...───最后,針對(duì)各子過程的實(shí)現(xiàn),較為深入地探討了其理論和方法,即設(shè)計(jì)可重構(gòu)機(jī)床的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵使能技術(shù)。

83 、Similar to the guidance of launch vehicles, a uniform gravity field on lunar sur face is assumed.An explicit guidance law for powered descending phase is propos ed to minimize the fuel consumption.───參考運(yùn)載火箭制 導(dǎo)過程的分析方法，假設(shè)月球?yàn)橐痪鶆蛞?chǎng)，以燃耗最優(yōu)性為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，提出了一種用于軟 著陸動(dòng)力下降過程的顯式制導(dǎo)律。

84 、{0>8.Using improper means to induce a proposer to terminate an in-force insurance contract and enter into a new contract, where there are resulting damages to the proposer.───八、以不當(dāng)之方法唆使要保人終止有效契約而投保新契約致使要保人受損害者。

85 、The author points out that the different results are caused by the slightly different 100-winding hank number per cocoon. Therefore, propo sals are made for revising the current calculation formula.───文章指出其原因是每粒繭的100回絞數(shù)不盡相同所致,從而對(duì)現(xiàn)行計(jì)算公式提出了修正意見。

86 、He was, he wasn't proposing to me, silly.─── 他又不是在跟我求婚 傻瓜

87 、Where the name or address of the proposer is recorded wrongly or unclearly.───提案人姓名、戶籍地址書寫錯(cuò)誤或不明者。

88 、Generally speaking, passport and visa will be drawn by proposer. As for special instance, it can be drawn by other people with the certification issued by proposer or proposer's company.───護(hù)照及簽證一般由本人到我司領(lǐng)取，如遇特殊情況，可由申請(qǐng)人或申請(qǐng)人所在單位出具證明委托他人到我司領(lǐng)取。

89 、{0>2.Where the name or address of the proposer is recorded wrongly or unclearly.───二、提案人姓名、戶籍地址書寫錯(cuò)誤或不明者。

90 、This game-theory analysis, which assumes that people are selfish and rational, tells you that the proposer should offer the smallest possible share and the responder should accept it.───博弈理論（Gametheory）的邏輯就是如此，假定每個(gè)人都自私而理性的話，提議者會(huì)想辦法出最低的價(jià)，而回答者也會(huì)接受提議。

Tendermint 共識(shí)算法

分布式一致性算法一般可以分為兩類：拜占庭容錯(cuò)和非拜占庭容錯(cuò)。

非拜占庭容錯(cuò)算法如 Paxos, Raft 等在當(dāng)前的分布式系統(tǒng)中已經(jīng)廣泛使用，而拜占庭容錯(cuò)算法的實(shí)際應(yīng)用范圍相對(duì)來說小很多(特別是在區(qū)塊鏈問世之前)。

Tendermint 屬于拜占庭容錯(cuò)算法，它針對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的 PBFT 算法做了優(yōu)化，只需要有兩輪投票即可達(dá)成共識(shí)，目前 Tendermint 算法主要應(yīng)用在區(qū)塊鏈系統(tǒng)中，這篇文章就從原理上來介紹 Tendermint 的共識(shí)機(jī)制。

關(guān)于 Tendermint 算法的完整描述在 這里 。

這里先介紹一下算法的流程，理解了算法流程之后，再來闡述該算法的安全性證明 (Proof of Safty) 和活性證明 (Proof of Liveness)。

下面這張圖是 tendermint 狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換圖

算法主要有 NewHeigh -> Propose -> Prevote -> Precommit -> Commit 一共 5 個(gè)狀態(tài)（階段）。

上述每個(gè)狀態(tài)都被稱為一個(gè) Step，首尾的 NewHeigh 和 Commit 這兩個(gè) Steps 被稱為特殊的 Step，而中間加粗體的三個(gè) Steps 則被稱為一個(gè) Round，是共識(shí)階段，也是也是算法的核心原理所在。

需要注意的是，一個(gè)塊的最終提交（Commit）可能需要多個(gè) Round 過程，這是因?yàn)橛性S多原因可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致當(dāng)前 Round 不成功（比如出塊節(jié)點(diǎn) Offline，提出的塊是無效塊，收到的 Prevote 或者 Precommit 票數(shù)不夠 +2/3 等等），出現(xiàn)這些情況的話，解決方案就是移步到下一輪，或者增加 timeout 時(shí)間）。

這里，還要介紹一個(gè)重要概念：PoLC，全稱為 Proof of Lock Change，表示在某個(gè)特定的高度和輪數(shù)(height, round)，對(duì)某個(gè)塊或 nil (空塊)超過總結(jié)點(diǎn) 2/3 的 Prevote 投票集合，簡(jiǎn)單來說 PoLC 就是 Prevote 的投票集。

Tendermint 中有兩種類型的節(jié)點(diǎn)，Validator 節(jié)點(diǎn)和 Non-Validator 節(jié)點(diǎn)，顧名思義，只有 Validator 節(jié)點(diǎn)會(huì)參與共識(shí)投票，而普通節(jié)點(diǎn)作為 Non-Validator 節(jié)點(diǎn)，不參與共識(shí)投票，只協(xié)助傳遞狀態(tài)或向 Validator 節(jié)點(diǎn)發(fā)送交易請(qǐng)求。

初始狀態(tài)下（創(chuàng)世塊），高度為 0， 此時(shí)，系統(tǒng)會(huì)基于 Round Robin 原則來選出一個(gè) Validator（每個(gè) Validator 都有一定的 Voting Power），由這個(gè) Validator 打包一個(gè)新的 Block， 并向所有節(jié)點(diǎn)發(fā)出 Proposal，剩余的 Validator 節(jié)點(diǎn)對(duì)該 Proposal 進(jìn)行投票，最終達(dá)成共識(shí)。

以下，分階段來闡述各個(gè)階段:

當(dāng)上一輪 Commit 結(jié)束，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)新高度，這是就需要進(jìn)入下一輪共識(shí)了，也就是說，這就是新一輪共識(shí)過程的開始，這時(shí)候需要選出一個(gè) Proposer。選擇算法是 Round Robin，基于他們的 Voting Power（上一輪的選中的 Validator 節(jié)點(diǎn)會(huì)把其 Voting Power 值減去 Total Voting Power，也就是說上一輪的 Validator 在這一輪，其 Voting Power 會(huì)變成負(fù)數(shù)）。

在 Propose 節(jié)點(diǎn)開始的時(shí)候，該輪指定的 proposer 需要通過 gossip 廣播一條 proposal 到所有的 peers。如果此時(shí)這個(gè) proposer 被鎖在上一輪的某個(gè) block 上，那么它就直接 propose 那個(gè) block，同時(shí)包含一條 proof of lock 的信息。

Validator 節(jié)點(diǎn)收到 propose 信息之后就進(jìn)入 Prevote 投票階段。投票時(shí)，如果 Validator 被鎖在之前一個(gè) block 上，那么還是給之前那個(gè) block 投 prevote 票，否則就投當(dāng)前的 block。同時(shí)，它會(huì)繼續(xù)收集對(duì)這個(gè) block 的 prevote 投票，等輪到他 propose 的時(shí)候打包進(jìn) PoLC。

注意：

如果自己有 Lock-Block，這時(shí)又收到一個(gè)新的針對(duì)另外一個(gè)塊的 PoLC，并且滿足LastLockRound < PoLC-Round < 當(dāng)前 Round，則解鎖 Lock-Block。

如果 timeout 期間沒收到 proposal，或者收到的 proposal 是無效的，那么就投 nil 票。

在 Prevote 階段不會(huì)鎖住任何 block。

Prevote 超時(shí)或者收到的 Prevote 的 nil 票超過 2/3 時(shí)，就進(jìn)入 Precommit 階段。

如果此時(shí)收到了 +2/3 的 prevote 投票，就廣播一條 precommit 投票，同時(shí)， 把自己鎖在當(dāng)前的 block 上（把之前的都釋放掉） 。一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)一次只能鎖在一個(gè)塊上。

如果收到 +2/3 的 nil 投票，那么就釋放鎖。

當(dāng)一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)鎖在一個(gè) block 上的時(shí)候（有 PoLC） ，它會(huì)將 LastLockRound 置為當(dāng)前 Round，并對(duì)這個(gè)塊投 Precommit 票。

如果有針對(duì) nil 票的 PoLC，則解鎖并且對(duì) nil 投 Precommit 票；否則的話保持 Lock-Block 不變，并投 nil 。

如果在 timeout 期間內(nèi)，沒有收到對(duì)某個(gè)塊的足夠的 +2/3 投票（prevote 或者 nil 都行），那么就什么也不干。

最終，如果一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)收到了 +2/3 的 precommit 投票，就進(jìn)入 Commit 階段。否則，繼續(xù)進(jìn)入下一輪的 Propose 階段。

Commit 階段是一個(gè)特殊階段，有兩個(gè)并行的條件必須滿足：

At any time during the consensus process if a node receives more than 2/3 of commits for a particular block, it immediately enters the Commit step if it hadn’t already. Thus there are two ways to enter the Commit step. A commit-vote for a block at round R counts as prevotes and precommits for all rounds R0 where R < R0 . Commit-votes are gossipped to neighboring peers in the background re-gardless of the current round or step。

At any time during the consensus process if a node is locked on a block from round R but receives a proof-of-lock for a round R0 where R < R0 , the node unlocks.

Tendermint 的安全性就是說，在對(duì)高度為 H 的塊達(dá)成共識(shí)之后，不可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的高度為 H 的塊，也就是說 Tendermint 保證不會(huì)分叉，保證不會(huì)分叉的主要角色就是 Lock-Block。

先看下wiki對(duì)于安全性證明的描述：

Assume that at most -1/3 of the voting power of validators is byzantine. If a validator commits block B at

round R, it's because it saw +2/3 of precommits at round R. This implies that 1/3+ of honest nodes are still

locked at round R' > R. These locked validators will remain locked until they see a PoLC at R' > R, but this

won't happen because 1/3+ are locked and honest, so at most -2/3 are available to vote for anything other

than B.

翻譯：

假定有最多小于總結(jié)點(diǎn) 1/3 的拜占庭節(jié)點(diǎn)。如果一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)在第 R 輪提交一個(gè)塊，則表明此節(jié)點(diǎn)在第 R 輪收到大于 2/3 的針對(duì)此塊的 Precommit 投票。這也就意味有

大于1/3 的誠實(shí)節(jié)點(diǎn)在第 R’ (R' > R)輪仍然鎖定在這個(gè)塊上(因?yàn)榇笥?2/3 的 Precommit 投票必定包含大于 1/3 誠實(shí)節(jié)點(diǎn)的 Precommit 投票)。只有當(dāng)遇到針對(duì)另一個(gè)

塊的 PoLC 時(shí)才會(huì)解鎖，但是在 R' 輪是不可能有針對(duì)某個(gè)塊的 PoLC，因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)有大于 1/3 的誠實(shí)節(jié)點(diǎn)已經(jīng)鎖定在這個(gè)塊上，所以就不可能有對(duì)另外一個(gè)塊大于 2/3

的 Prevote 投票。

下面給出較為詳細(xì)的證明過程，假設(shè)高度為 H 的塊 b 在第 R 輪達(dá)成共識(shí)。給出如下條件：

需要證明， 當(dāng) x 個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn) commit 之后，剩余(也就是 y + z)的沒有 Commit 塊 b 的節(jié)點(diǎn)不會(huì)對(duì)另外一個(gè)塊達(dá)成共識(shí)。

也就是說需要證明：y + z - z0 < 2/3，假設(shè)所有的拜占庭節(jié)點(diǎn)都對(duì) b 投了 Precommit，則滿足：x + y + z0 > 2/3。

簡(jiǎn)而言之，要從 x + y + z0 > 2/3 證明 y + z - z0 < 2/3。

我們通過反證法來證明：

假設(shè) y + z - z0 > 2/3，也就是在第 r 輪之后有可能造成分叉，則：

x + y + z - z0 > 2/3 + x => 1 - z0 > 2/3 + x => x + z0 < 1/3。

而上面我們提到了，因?yàn)閤節(jié)點(diǎn)已經(jīng) Commit 塊 b，則 x + y + z0 > 2/3，且 y < 1/3，則說明 x + z0 必須大于1/3。由此證明，y + z - z0 < 1/3 成立，在第 R 輪之后無法對(duì)另一個(gè)塊達(dá)成共識(shí)，也就不可能出現(xiàn)分叉。

活性證明相對(duì)來說就要簡(jiǎn)單一些，假設(shè)多于 1/3 的節(jié)點(diǎn)分別 Lock 在不同的塊上，則在 Prevote 階段的條件保證最終 round 較小的會(huì) unlock，而且 proposal 的超時(shí)時(shí)間會(huì)隨著輪數(shù)的提高而提高。

在證明安全性的過程中提到，有可能會(huì)有部分節(jié)點(diǎn)由于沒有收到足夠的 Precommit 投票導(dǎo)致無法 commit，這個(gè)時(shí)候可以通過同步來使各個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的狀態(tài)盡量保持一致，在wiki中提到一個(gè) JSet 和 VSet 的概念，當(dāng)節(jié)點(diǎn)已經(jīng) commit 時(shí)，就可以廣播一條消息攜帶 VSet 給其他節(jié)點(diǎn)，其他節(jié)點(diǎn)驗(yàn)證對(duì)于塊的 commit 是否有效。這一點(diǎn)其實(shí)和 bft-raft （另外一個(gè)拜占庭容錯(cuò)算法，Raft 算法的變種）的做法類似。

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