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virulence是什么意思,virulence中文翻譯,virulence發(fā)音、用法及例句

2025-09-04 投稿

virulence是什么意思,virulence中文翻譯,virulence發(fā)音、用法及例句

?virulence

virulence發(fā)音

英:['v?rj?l?ns]  美:['v?rj?l?ns]

英:  美:

virulence中文意思翻譯

n. 有毒;毒性;致病性;惡意

virulence常見(jiàn)例句

1 、The shedder, whoever he is, is so virulent, he must have been symptomatic.─── 無(wú)論傳播者是誰(shuí) 他都應(yīng)該極具毒性 會(huì)伴隨有一些癥狀

2 、His research found that LukS-PV was effective at protecting against certain types of infections reinforcing the importance of this virulence factor in the disease process.───他的研究發(fā)現(xiàn), LukS-PV能有效防備某些類型的感染。

3 、Sixty-eight first single-zoospore colonies, generated from seven Phytophthora sojae isolates, were inoculatied on wounded soybean hypocotyle to evaluated their virulence.───摘要采用大豆幼苗下胚軸傷口接種法測(cè)定了7個(gè)大豆疫霉菌的68個(gè)1代單游動(dòng)孢株的毒力,并對(duì)其中45個(gè)1代單游動(dòng)孢株毒力進(jìn)行聚類分析。

4 、Keywords ] shigellosis prevailing strain virulence genes;───志賀氏菌;優(yōu)勢(shì)菌型;毒力基因;

5 、This article briefly deals with the research advance in species, distribution, isolation, culture and virulence assay methods of aphid pathogens.───作者通過(guò)評(píng)述國(guó)內(nèi)外已有的研究報(bào)道,概述了蚜蟲(chóng)病原真菌的種類、分布、分離培養(yǎng)及毒力評(píng)價(jià)方法。

6 、Rv0901 might be related to the virulence of M. tuberculosis.───Rv0901基因可能與結(jié)核毒力存在一定關(guān)系。

7 、This indicates that eaeA gene is not limited to EPEC and EHEC, that the eaeA harbouring E. coli are heterogeneous with respect to their virulence determinants.───提示eaeA基因的分布不僅限于EPEC和EHEC,而且攜帶eaeA基因菌株含有多種毒力決定因子。

8 、And our greatest plague, the most virulent enemy was the repulsive red leech.─── 而我們最大的災(zāi)禍 最兇惡的敵人就是令人厭惡的紅水蛭

9 、ILTV has thymidine kinase ( TK ) gene which has been shown is associated with its virulence and reactivation from the latent state.───TK ) 病毒毒力基因,此基因與病毒毒力及病毒于潛伏期再活化的能力有關(guān)。

10 、Animal experiment showed it had virulence to mice.───動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,該菌對(duì)小白鼠有致病力。

11 、Virulence Test of Geese Paramyxovirus───一株鵝副黏病毒的毒力測(cè)定

12 、Method The virulence genes of Shiga like toxin(SLT 1 and SLT 2), intimin(eaeA) and hemolysin(hlyA) were chosen as the target genes and amplified in multiplex PCR assays. Results Of the eighty five E.───方法 應(yīng)用腸出血性大腸桿菌 (EHEC)的多重引物聚合酶鏈反應(yīng) (PCR)方法 ,以志賀樣毒素 (SLT2 和SLT1)基因、“粘附抹平”因子eaeA基因和溶血素 (hly)基因?yàn)榘谢蜻M(jìn)行檢測(cè)。

13 、The various clinical manifestations in human CSD cases raise the possibility of type-specific difference in their virulence.───但由于臨床癥狀上的歧異性很大,不同的基因型極可能是造成癥狀歧異的原因之一。

14 、Both the strains retained their full virulence in the first 5-6 generations as titrated in goats.───作者曾使用山傳雞胚適應(yīng)強(qiáng)毒組織制成滅活疫苗,用以免疫山羊,結(jié)果未獲得成功。

15 、Host resistance and fungal virulence parallel each other in the cross.───寄生的抗病性的病原菌的毒力在雜交中是勢(shì)均力敵的。

16 、Conclusion In this way we can draw a conclusion th at has a strong virulence to citellus dauricus...───89%。結(jié)論C型肉毒梭菌毒素對(duì)達(dá)烏爾黃鼠有較強(qiáng)的毒力。

17 、The challenge experiments demonstrated that the virulence of Vibrio was very strong but that of Micrococcus was quite weak.───感染實(shí)驗(yàn)表明弧菌毒力強(qiáng),球菌毒力相對(duì)弱。

18 、The virulence of a new type of Leptospira interrogens, the representive strain of Gu serogroup, Qin serovar EG79, isolated from Ronan plancyi was investigated in the present study.───摘要目的對(duì)從安徽省金錢(qián)蛙腎中分離出的新血清群-顧群秦型人代表株EG79的毒力進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)調(diào)查。

19 、Construction of Gene Libraries for Virulence Plasmid of Yersinia enterocolitica───小腸結(jié)腸耶氏菌毒性質(zhì)?;蛭膸?kù)的構(gòu)建

20 、While host genetic as well as viral virulence factors might contribute to severe DHF, viral load (infectious pressure) and concentration of antibody also appear to play a role.───宿主的遺傳因素以及病毒毒力因素可能對(duì)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重DHF起作用,而病毒載量(感染壓力)和抗體濃度似也有一定的作用。

21 、Herbicide produced from 6 days solid fermentation had the highest viability,virulence and oxalic acid production,which were 64.3 mm,54.3 mm and 0.131 mg/g respectively.───固體發(fā)酵6天的除草菌的生活力、致病力和乙二酸產(chǎn)量均達(dá)到最大,分別為64.3 mm、54.3 mm 和0.131 mg/g;

22 、Inhibition of protein secretion could lead to the growth decline,morphological alteration,and reduction of bacterial virulence,as well as the deprivation of their drug resistant.───為了克服細(xì)菌的抗藥性問(wèn)題,需要用新的思路去發(fā)掘新的抗生素,包括發(fā)掘細(xì)菌細(xì)胞中存在的抗生素作用的新靶點(diǎn)。

23 、Artificial Feeding of Diamond-back Moth and Virulence Test of Some pesticides───小菜蛾人工飼養(yǎng)和幾種藥劑的毒力測(cè)定

24 、The virulence of a new serovar of Leptospira interrogens───一新型鉤端螺旋體的毒力研究

25 、the virulence of the malicious old man.───我這樣做沒(méi)有任何的惡意。

26 、During the process of industrialized production of primary hamster kidney cell vaccine (PHKCV),We determined the virulence and potency and analyzed the data.───探討在原代地鼠腎細(xì)胞組織培養(yǎng)的狂犬病疫苗(PHKCV)工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)中,對(duì)病毒滴度與疫苗效力進(jìn)行測(cè)定,并對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。

27 、Many years' research work indic ated that antisense-oligonucleotide can control the expression of those genes wh ich are related to bacterial virulence factors and bacterial viability.───多年的 研究表明:反義寡核苷酸能夠有效抑制細(xì)菌代謝的基礎(chǔ)酶類及致病基因;

28 、We're talking about an extremely virulent pathogen.─── 我們面對(duì)的是一種極為致命的病原體

29 、However,it has been found that many virulence factors,such as flagellin,hemolysin,outer membrane proteins,lipopolysacchride may play important roles in the development of this disease.───其發(fā)生機(jī)制至今不明,但是已發(fā)現(xiàn)許多毒力因子如鞭毛蛋白、溶血素、外膜蛋白、脂多糖等在其致病過(guò)程中有重要作用。

30 、Recently,Listeriolysin O,a major virulence factor produced by all pathogenic strains of L.monocytogenes,has been identified as a candidate antigen for a serological assay.───在所有致病性的李斯特桿菌中,李斯特溶血素是主要致病因子,現(xiàn)已經(jīng)有用其做診斷抗原的報(bào)道。

31 、N-acylhomoserine lactone(AHL), as quorum sensing signals, regulate expression of virulence factors of many plant pathogens.───N-?;呓z氨酸內(nèi)酯(N-acylhomoserine lactone,AHLs)作為細(xì)菌群體感應(yīng)中的信號(hào)分子參與調(diào)節(jié)植物病原細(xì)菌致病因子的表達(dá)。

32 、Effects of fermentation duration and precursors of oxalic acid on the virulence of herbicide of Sclerotinia minor───發(fā)酵時(shí)間和乙二酸前體對(duì)小核盤(pán)菌生物除草劑致病力的影響

33 、But very few have coincided with the outbreak of a virulent disease.─── 但是極少數(shù)與致命疾病的 爆發(fā)有關(guān)

34 、Meanwhile, D2V-HN89 was most close to D2V-Jamaica and D2V-Brazil90. The cytopathogenic effect of D2V-HN89 and D2V-NGC were similar but the neural virulence of D2V-HN89 in suckling mice was much weaker than that of D2V-NGC.───D2V HN89株的細(xì)胞病變效應(yīng)與D2V NGC株相同 ,但對(duì)乳小白鼠神經(jīng)毒力較弱。

35 、The virulence of both mutants, as represented by median lethal dose (LD50), was not significantly different from that of the parental strain.───因此,細(xì)胞溶解毒素可能不是主要的致死因子,也不是創(chuàng)傷弧菌造成細(xì)胞毒殺作用的唯一因素。

36 、The results indicated that the prevalent pathotypes were TRK,TRT,PHT and THT with the frequency of 19 6%,9 8%,6 5% and 6 5% respectively,among the 27 detected pathotypes. The analysis of virulence dynamics of Puccinia recondite f.───在發(fā)現(xiàn)的 2 7個(gè)致病類型 (毒性基因組合 )中 ,TRK ,TRT ,PHT ,THT出現(xiàn)頻率分別為 19 6% ,9 8% ,6 5% ,6 5% ,為優(yōu)勢(shì)致病類型。

37 、Bacteriophage-Bacteriophage Interactions in the Evolution of Bacterial Virulence───噬菌體相互作用與細(xì)菌毒力進(jìn)化

38 、It summarized the harm to the corn, epidemic characteristics, virulence factors of Maize Rough Dwarf Virus, prevention and cure method was mentioned as well.───摘要介紹了玉米粗縮病的發(fā)生危害情況、流行特點(diǎn)、發(fā)病因素及防治對(duì)策。

39 、Study on the virulence of a new serovar of Leptospira interrogans───新型鉤端螺旋體的毒力調(diào)查

40 、RD1 region is an important antigen which absent in long passaging of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB). RD1 is only existed in virulence mycobacteria,but absent in BCG and environmental mycobacteria.───RD1區(qū)是結(jié)核分枝桿菌(MTB)在長(zhǎng)期傳代過(guò)程中丟失的重要保護(hù)性抗原,RD1區(qū)僅存在于致病性分枝桿菌中,而在卡介苗(BCG)及環(huán)境分枝桿菌中缺失。

41 、The most virulent pathogens are on biocontainment level 4.─── 最致命的病原體樣本在4級(jí)生物防護(hù)實(shí)驗(yàn)室

42 、Vibrio vulnificus, a particularly virulence species of vibrio, is a gram-negative, rod-shaped, halophilic marine bacterium.───創(chuàng)傷弧菌是一種具有獨(dú)特性致毒因子的,革蘭氏陰性菌、呈現(xiàn)桿狀且嗜鹽性的海洋弧菌。

43 、On our conjecture, Gene 3A, a highly conserved sequence, may be the determinant of the virulence of FMDV. Changes in 3A have been associated with altered host range.───我們根據(jù)已有資料推測(cè),3A基因可能是口蹄疫病毒的毒力決定簇,它具有高度保守性,其變異和部分缺失對(duì)病毒在牛體內(nèi)的致弱和宿主嗜性發(fā)生改變起重要作用。

44 、The virulence and the wound infection ability of the 4 dominant vibrios have been tested in mice.───動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)證實(shí)了4種優(yōu)勢(shì)弧菌的毒力和傷口感染能力。

45 、Measurement of virulence in laboratory and field trials of its control effects for 20% phoxin-avermectin E. C.───20%辛·阿乳油的室內(nèi)毒力測(cè)定及田間藥效試驗(yàn)。

46 、It's an especially virulent strain caused by a mutated variola virus.─── 根據(jù)驗(yàn)尸官的報(bào)告 是一種特殊的強(qiáng)毒株 是一種突變的天花病毒引起的

47 、During follow-up, the two grade 1 ulcers which infected with strains carrying virulence genes rapidly deteriored: the array technology showed unchanged genotype profiles.───在隨訪中,感染攜帶致病基因的兩名1級(jí)病人病程急劇惡化:芯片方法顯示基因型未發(fā)生改變。

48 、High population and virulence ratio of laodelphax striutella, cultivation mode, and resistance to rice stripe of rice varieties are the reasons why rice stripe broke out.───分析其暴發(fā)原因:灰飛虱蟲(chóng)量和帶毒率高;耕作栽培制度有利于發(fā)??;水稻品種不抗病等。

49 、Methods:We designed 8 pairs of probes of PCR assay for detection of the virulence genes including set1A,set1B,sen(SHET2),ial,ipaH,stx1 and virA in Shigella at the same time. Combining with conventional methods,the results were discussed.───方法:采用8對(duì)引物set1A、set1B、shet2A、shet2B、ial、ipaH、stx1與virA分別對(duì)志賀菌中毒力相關(guān)基因進(jìn)行檢測(cè),結(jié)合常規(guī)鑒定方法對(duì)PCR擴(kuò)增結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析。

50 、The results showed that the isolatte growth on OMA medium had greater growth rate and stronger virulence, but the virulence had no relation to growth rate.───其中在燕麥片培養(yǎng)基上生長(zhǎng)最快,致病力也最強(qiáng),但致病力的強(qiáng)弱與菌絲生長(zhǎng)速率沒(méi)有關(guān)系;

51 、Everything in my investigation points to a virulent pathogen.─── 所有調(diào)查線索都指向一種致命病原體

52 、Streptococcus mutans has been implicated as a principal etiological agent in human dental caries.One of the important cariogenic virulence factors of these organisms is their ability to form biofilms.───變形鏈球菌是公認(rèn)的主要致齲菌,其重要的毒力因子之一就是在牙表面形成生物膜。

53 、These are cadets, trainees, and you've invited them into a hotbed of virulent infection.─── 他們是學(xué)員 受訓(xùn)者 可你們邀請(qǐng)他們進(jìn)入了一個(gè)致命感染源的溫床

54 、Please analyse the reasons of virulence variation of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici.───小麥三種銹病的生物學(xué)是否完全一致?

55 、Some pathogenicity was steadily inherited, which suggested that the virulence genes controlling the pathogenicity appeared to be homozygous nuclear gene.───控制大豆疫霉菌的致病基因分布在不同位點(diǎn),有的遺傳穩(wěn)定,由純合的核基因控制;

56 、Hemolysin is an important virulence factor in many species of genus Vibrio, but theprevious study on hemolysin from V. anguillarum was not adequately.───在許多弧菌屬的細(xì)菌中,溶血素是一種重要的毒力因子,但是關(guān)于鰻弧菌的溶血素的研究還很不充分。

57 、The strain isolated from human case is different from those strains isolated from Microtus fuscus, and similar to the Qingzang plateau strain with strong virulence.───從鼠疫病人分離到的菌株與青海田鼠體分離的菌株明顯不同,而與強(qiáng)毒的青藏高原型菌株相似;青海田鼠體分離的菌株與內(nèi)蒙古布氏田鼠型菌株相似,與其他地區(qū)的菌株均不相同。

58 、WSBV was purified from the commodity shrimp.The present paper describes the virulence of WSBV and the Microsporidia from frozen commodity P. wonodon in P. chinensis postlarvae via oral infection.───我們首次從具有白斑癥狀的市售冷凍商品斑節(jié)對(duì)蝦中提純了白斑病毒,并用飼喂感染的方式研究了白斑病毒對(duì)中國(guó)對(duì)蝦仔蝦的致病力。

59 、The No. 2 physi-ologic race was virulent to the host with Ht_1 gene and caused necroticlesions,but it was avirulent to the host with Ht_2 gene and caused chlo-rotic lesions,with a virulence formula t_2/Ht_1.The No.───接種在具Ht_1單基因抗性寄主上表現(xiàn)有毒力產(chǎn)生萎蔫斑,而對(duì)Ht_2鑒別寄主表現(xiàn)無(wú)毒力產(chǎn)生褪綠斑的菌株屬于生理小種2號(hào),其毒力公式為Ht~2/Ht~1。

60 、The overall virulence gene prevalence was 62.7% (42/67); and the main virulence gene type was slt_1+ slt_2+eaeA+hly.───62.7%的株菌(42/67)攜帶有毒力基因,毒力圖譜類型主要為slt1+slt2+eaeA+hly。

61 、The other mutation with a significant effect on virulence has been seen in the NA gene of two influenza virus strains that infect mice.───另一種對(duì)病毒毒性具有重要影響的突變,存在兩種感染小鼠的流感病毒株的na基因上。

62 、The incidence of the VAP had close relation with the patient's age, aeration time, virulence operation and the disinfection management of the ventilator duct.───呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎的發(fā)生與病人年齡、通氣時(shí)間、侵入性操作以及呼吸機(jī)管道的消毒管理有著密切的關(guān)系。

63 、S. pyogenes produces several virulence factors and many of them have been shown to contribute to its infection.───化膿性鏈球菌可以產(chǎn)生許多的致病毒力因數(shù),而過(guò)去已有許多相關(guān)研究。

64 、Methods Virulence genes, including stx1, stx2, EPEC and EHEC general eaeA fragment (eaeA-gen), were amplified by multiplex PCR in E. coli strains.───方法 應(yīng)用多重PCR同時(shí)檢測(cè)大腸埃希菌菌株的stx1、stx2、EPEC和EHEC共同的eaeA(eaeA -gen)等靶基因 ;

65 、We just need a more virulent strain.─── 我們只需要更多的毒性菌株

66 、Keywords S.typhi;R plasmid;Virulence gene;───傷寒桿菌;耐藥質(zhì)粒;毒力基因;

67 、Virulence Test of Several Chemicals to Pathogens of Turfgrass Diseases───幾種藥劑對(duì)幾種草坪草病害病原菌毒力測(cè)定

68 、Keywords Salt Affected Soil;Meadow Solonchak;Salinity Virulence;───關(guān)鍵詞土壤鹽漬化;革甸鹽土;鹽害;

69 、Study on the virulence differentiation of Fusarium graminearum Sch in Ningxia───寧夏小麥赤霉病禾谷鐮刀菌致病性分化的研究

70 、The aim was to screen the strain with high virulence against Dysmicoccus Brevipes and provide the scientific basis for the field control of D.───摘要[目的]篩選對(duì)菠蘿粉蚧有高毒力的菌株,為菠蘿粉蚧的田間防治提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

71 、The main virulence factors for EHEC O157 include Stx,hemolysin and effector proteins encoded by LEE pathogenicity island.───控制該病暴發(fā)流行的最好措施是免疫預(yù)防,但目前還沒(méi)有研制出可用于人的疫苗。

72 、The results of fungicides virulence measurement in laboratory showed that gaucho and chlorothalonil were useful to inhibit mycelium growth of Colletotrichum sp. and Alternaria sp.───室內(nèi)藥劑毒力測(cè)定實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,保鮮克和百菌清對(duì)炭疽菌和交鏈孢菌絲的擴(kuò)展蔓延作用較好,代森鋅和退菌特對(duì)炭疽菌和交鏈孢的孢子萌發(fā)有較好的抑制作用。

73 、Keywords Yersinia enterocolitica;Host;Serotype;Virulence genes;───小腸結(jié)腸炎耶爾森菌;宿主;血清型;毒力基因;

74 、It is the combination of bacterial virulence, and host factors that are closely interrelated, which lead to the development of a UTI.───它是結(jié)合細(xì)菌的致病力,大部分的因素誘使發(fā)展成泌尿道感染是有相互關(guān)系。

75 、intermediate virulence strain B87───中等毒力株B87

76 、We now have atomically detailed structures of many of the proteins that promote virulence of human pathogens.───也就是說(shuō),我們可能通過(guò)蛋白質(zhì)的排列次序準(zhǔn)確地分析出他 們的結(jié)構(gòu)。

77 、DETERMINATION OF VIRULENCE OF COTTON WILT PATHOGEN VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE KLEB.───大麗輪枝菌在棉花上的毒力測(cè)定

78 、Methods Detected Endotoxin by using Limuloid trial .Detected Virulence and ST by using mice.───方法利用鱟試驗(yàn)測(cè)定毒素,小白鼠測(cè)定毒力和腸毒素。

79 、They are not only synergic in biologic activities but also interactive in molecularity,which is regulated by the genes of virulence island.───各毒力因子不僅在生物學(xué)活性上具有協(xié)同作用,而且在分子水平上也是相互影響,受毒力島上調(diào)控基因調(diào)節(jié)。

80 、Keywords Aconifine;Virulence analysis;Dose response relationship;heart;toad;───烏頭堿;毒性分析;量-效關(guān)系;心臟;蟾蜍;

81 、Keywords Salmonella typhi;R plasmid;virulence gene;DNA sequence;───傷寒桿菌;耐藥質(zhì)粒;毒力基因;序列測(cè)定;

82 、All these people were killed by some kind of extremely virulent bioagent.─── 所有這些人都是被某種 極端致命的生化制劑所殺

83 、In addition, Brown and colleagues have examined the anti-PVL antibody responses in pediatric patients diagnosed with Staph infections compared to antibody responses to other USA300 virulence factors.───"布朗說(shuō):“[接種]方式和感染途徑互相關(guān)聯(lián),例如滴鼻免疫小鼠比皮下接種小鼠能更好地防備肺炎,皮下接種的小鼠能更好地防備皮膚感染。

84 、It suggested that: the detection of IS605 was related to alternation in virulence of Hp.───提示IS6 0 5的出現(xiàn) ,與hp致十二指腸潰瘍的毒力改變有關(guān)。

85 、Using oligonucleotide arrays, S. aureus resistance and virulence genes were compared between grade 1 and grade 2-4 ulcers.───應(yīng)用寡核苷酸芯片后,比較1級(jí)和2-4級(jí)潰瘍病人中,金**葡萄球菌的耐藥性和致病基因。

86 、AiiA protein, blocking the bacterial quorum sensing by hydrolyzing AHL-lactone, can greatly attenuate the disease caused by many bacterial pathogens in which quorum sensing regulate the expression of virulence genes.───AiiA蛋白通過(guò)破壞病原菌的信號(hào)分子來(lái)阻斷病原菌的群體感應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng),達(dá)到抗病的目的,是一種新型的抗病蛋白.

87 、Dynamic gene mutation and the reassortment of genes have been considered as the key factors responsible for influenza A virus virulence and host tropism change.───動(dòng)態(tài)的基因突變和基因重組被認(rèn)為是流感病毒A的致病性和宿主趨向性改變的關(guān)鍵因子。

88 、According to the four types of virulence genes: stx1, stx2, eaeA and hlyA, four pairs of specific primers have been designed.───[方法]針對(duì)產(chǎn)志賀毒素大腸桿菌(STEC)的stx1、stx2、eaeA、hlyA4種毒力基因,設(shè)計(jì)了4對(duì)特異性引物。

89 、Pseudomonas is also known to switch on its virulence genes in response to signals from quorum sensing.───據(jù)了解假單細(xì)胞菌也會(huì)打開(kāi)它的有毒基因以響應(yīng)來(lái)自群體的信號(hào)。

90 、The virus was analyzed by the animal pathogenicity test,virus attenuation,protection of the attenuated virus and virulence return experiment.───對(duì)分離的痘病毒進(jìn)行動(dòng)物致病性試驗(yàn)、病毒分離傳代和致弱試驗(yàn)、致弱毒保護(hù)力試驗(yàn)和返強(qiáng)試驗(yàn)。

毒素有哪些分類

毒素是病原物產(chǎn)生的無(wú)酶催化活性的代謝物。毒素可引致寄主組織正常功能的破壞,對(duì)寄主的原生質(zhì)有急劇的破壞作用。病原物產(chǎn)生的致病毒素(pathotoxin)有兩類:一類為寄主?;远舅兀活悶榉羌闹鲗;远舅?。低濃度的專化性致病毒素可對(duì)寄主植物的感病品種有較強(qiáng)的致毒作用,而對(duì)非寄主植物或寄主植物的抗病品種則無(wú)此作用,或需高得多的濃度才能發(fā)生作用。例如,燕麥維多利亞葉斑病菌產(chǎn)生的維多利亞素(victorin)對(duì)具有感病基因型品種完全抑制根生長(zhǎng)的濃度為0.002微克/毫升,而對(duì)具有抗病基因型品種根生長(zhǎng)的完全抑制濃度>300微克/毫升,相差達(dá)15萬(wàn)倍,較重要的寄主?;远舅兀ㄒ?jiàn)表1)。

Comstock(1973)PhylostictamaydisPM-toxinScheffer等(1972)PericoniacircinataPC-1toxinMori(1962)AUemariakikuchianaPhytoaltemarinSteiner等(1971)H.saccharumHS-toxinScheffer等(1972)H.carbonumHC-toxinHooker(1972)H.maydisT小種T-toxinLuke等(1972)HelminthosporiumvictorinaeVictorin報(bào)告人及年份產(chǎn)毒素病菌毒素名稱

表1 寄主?;远舅兀〒?jù)Wheeler,1976)

非寄主?;远舅厥且活悓?duì)寄主植物具一定活性和非?;饔梦稽c(diǎn)的毒性物質(zhì),對(duì)非寄主植物也具有一定的毒性。非寄主?;远舅匕l(fā)現(xiàn)的較多,據(jù)魯?shù)婪颍≧udolph)報(bào)告,截至1976年已發(fā)現(xiàn)有120種,其中研究較多的主要有3種(見(jiàn)表2)。

病原物的致病毒素對(duì)寄主植物的破壞作用可因毒素種類不同有所變化。一般主要是破壞質(zhì)膜的半透性,或通過(guò)螯合作用,抑制或破壞寄主酶的作用,使寄主酶的代謝途徑受到破壞或改變寄主的呼吸作用,例如維多利亞葉斑病菌在孢子萌發(fā)時(shí)可釋出少量毒素,侵入感病品種6小時(shí)后,寄主細(xì)胞膜受到毒素的破壞,電解質(zhì)滲漏,繼之,毒素抑制或降低蛋白質(zhì)合成,阻止**的進(jìn)入和有機(jī)養(yǎng)分的吸收。最后膜完全破壞,原生質(zhì)死亡。

Agrios(1969)Fusariamsp.FusaricacidAgrios(1969)Fusariumsp.LycomarasminPatil(1974)PseudomonastabaciTabtoxin報(bào)告人及年份產(chǎn)毒素病菌毒素名稱

表2 非寄主專化性毒素(據(jù)Wheeler,1976)

胞外酶

植物病原真菌,細(xì)菌,線蟲(chóng)和菌原體以及寄生性種子植物均可分泌各式各樣的酶。根據(jù)其作用對(duì)象可分為以下3類。①分解細(xì)胞壁物質(zhì)的酶。如幾丁質(zhì)酶,果膠酶,半纖維素酶,纖維素和木質(zhì)素降解酶等。病原物在侵入時(shí)幾丁質(zhì)水解酶分解植物表皮上的角質(zhì)層,病菌依賴果膠酶,半纖維素酶,纖維素和木質(zhì)素降解酶(如蔬菜軟腐病菌和木腐菌等)在侵入時(shí)分解細(xì)胞壁和胞間物質(zhì)等細(xì)胞壁的組成分。②分解細(xì)胞膜物質(zhì)的酶。如類脂質(zhì)水解酶和蛋白質(zhì)水解酶等,病菌侵入寄主后藉以消解細(xì)胞膜中的物質(zhì)。③分解細(xì)胞內(nèi)物質(zhì)的酶。如核酸酶,病菌藉以溶解細(xì)胞質(zhì)和核內(nèi)的DNA和RNA。還有能引致許多代謝產(chǎn)物發(fā)生變化的各式各樣的氧化酶等。

生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)

不少病原物侵入寄主植物后能產(chǎn)生與植物天然激素相同或相近的生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì),有的含量很高,為健康植物組織內(nèi)激素量的數(shù)十倍。通過(guò)產(chǎn)生不正常的激素或通過(guò)影響寄主正常激素合成的程序和管理系統(tǒng)可以引致寄主生長(zhǎng)失常,最后造成徒長(zhǎng),叢生,畸形,落葉,頂芽抑制等各種各樣的形態(tài)病變。比較重要的生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)有:①生長(zhǎng)素 天然生長(zhǎng)素為吲哚乙酸(IAA)。在果樹(shù)根癌病菌的作用下,受侵組織可產(chǎn)生生長(zhǎng)素(1AA),冠癭堿對(duì)腫瘤的形成有重要作用。②赤霉素 已發(fā)現(xiàn)有13種以上,最熟知的是水稻惡苗病菌分泌的赤霉素GA3可引致病株徒長(zhǎng)。③細(xì)胞分裂素 是促使細(xì)胞分裂的激素。染病組織產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞分裂素后經(jīng)常與IAA相互依存,促使細(xì)胞不斷分裂,產(chǎn)生不正常的組織增生。④乙烯 乙烯產(chǎn)生后對(duì)植物生長(zhǎng)有抑制作用,可抑制體細(xì)胞分裂,DNA合成,細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)大。乙烯向頂端和側(cè)枝運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)后可使果實(shí)提早成熟;棉花感染黃萎病后引致提前落葉等均與病組織中產(chǎn)生乙烯有關(guān)。

改變寄主生物合成方向

如病毒,類病毒可改變寄主細(xì)胞內(nèi)的蛋白質(zhì)和核酸的合成方向,而形成病毒,類病毒和病原生物的質(zhì)粒等。

致病性

pathogenicity

李振岐

病原物侵染寄主植物引起病害的特性。病原物除從寄主細(xì)胞和組織中擄奪大量養(yǎng)分和水分,影響寄主植物正常生長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育外,還可產(chǎn)生一些有害代謝產(chǎn)物,如某些酶、毒素和激素等,使寄主植物細(xì)胞的正常生理功能遭到破壞,引起一系列內(nèi)部組織和外部形態(tài)病變,表現(xiàn)出各式各樣的癥狀。致病性是病原物的較為固定的特性,一種寄生物能否成為某種植物的病原物,主要決定于一種寄生物是否克服該種植物的自然免疫性。如能克服,則可成為該種植物的病原物;如不能克服,則不能成為該種植物的病原物。因此,致病性是病原物在“種”的水平上對(duì)寄主植物的致病能力或特性。

病原物的致病性是19世紀(jì)中期法國(guó)L.巴斯德(Louis Pasteur 1822~1895)的“微生物病原”學(xué)說(shuō)和德國(guó)德巴利(Anton de Bary,1831~1888)的“病害傳染”學(xué)說(shuō)問(wèn)世后才得到肯定的。1894年瑞典埃里克森(J.Eriksson)用實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)了病原物的寄生?;圆l(fā)現(xiàn)有寄主?;缘姆只?,以后的許多研究證實(shí)了病原物的致病能力還有不同,使人們進(jìn)一步加深了對(duì)病原物致病性的認(rèn)識(shí)。

致病性分化

病原物對(duì)寄主植物的致病能力是相對(duì)的,隨寄主植物的遺傳分化情況,生育階段的變化,以及生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育狀況和周?chē)h(huán)境條件等因素的影響而提高或降低。一種寄生物成為某種植物的病原物后,同種內(nèi)的不同小種(真菌、線蟲(chóng))、菌系或致病型(細(xì)菌),株系(病毒)對(duì)所適應(yīng)的寄主植物的不同品種的致病力可能不同,有的致病力強(qiáng),有的致病力弱,有的甚至不能致病。病原物致病能力的差異表現(xiàn)在病斑的大小、產(chǎn)孢量的多少與快慢、潛育期和產(chǎn)量損失程度等,通常用“毒力”(virulence)的強(qiáng)弱來(lái)表示,分別稱為強(qiáng)毒株或弱毒株。一個(gè)小種對(duì)一個(gè)品種是否有毒力,主要決定于該小種的毒性基因產(chǎn)物(products of virulence gene)是否能克服該品種的抗病基因產(chǎn)物(products of resistance gene)。如能完全克服,則表現(xiàn)為強(qiáng)毒力,如能部分克服,為弱毒力,如不能克服,則無(wú)毒力。實(shí)質(zhì)上毒力是病原物小種的毒性基因產(chǎn)物克服品種抗病性基因產(chǎn)物的能力。荷蘭植病學(xué)家扎多克斯(J.C.Zadocks)等提出,當(dāng)小種與品種間的致病關(guān)系為特異性的強(qiáng)互作反應(yīng)模式(I)時(shí),用毒力表示,表現(xiàn)為弱互作的或非特異性的反應(yīng)模式(Ⅱ,Ⅲ)時(shí),用侵染力(aggressiveness)表示:

在模式Ⅰ中,無(wú)論是小種A與B,或是品種甲與乙都分不出強(qiáng)與弱,只是在A/乙組合或B/甲組合中,它們是親和的,屬?gòu)?qiáng)互作或特異性反應(yīng)。在模式Ⅱ和Ⅲ中,B小種比A小種的侵染力強(qiáng)。

近年來(lái)有人使用“無(wú)毒力”(avirulence)的非規(guī)范術(shù)語(yǔ),大多數(shù)是弱毒菌的同義詞,只適用于特定場(chǎng)合,如果一菌株完全喪失了對(duì)寄主的致病能力,就蛻變成為非致病菌。

病原物小種對(duì)品種的毒性,也可因其對(duì)品種誘發(fā)病害程度的大小和毒性譜的寬窄有強(qiáng)有弱,同時(shí),也可因品種的生長(zhǎng)狀況和周?chē)h(huán)境條件的變化等因素的影響而增強(qiáng)或變?nèi)酢?/p>

致病性遺傳

致病性是病原物的一種可以遺傳和變異的生物學(xué)特性。植物病原物致病性的遺傳有寡基因遺傳、多基因遺傳和胞質(zhì)遺傳。過(guò)去人們對(duì)寡基因遺傳研究較多,而對(duì)多基因遺傳和胞質(zhì)遺傳研究較少,同時(shí),對(duì)植物病原真菌致病性的遺傳研究較多,而對(duì)其它病原物致病性的遺傳研究較少。

病原物的特異性致病性即毒性的遺傳多為單基因隱性遺傳,毒性基因之間及其與其它性狀基因之間多為獨(dú)立遺傳,少數(shù)情況下有互作,個(gè)別情況下有連鎖現(xiàn)象,很少有復(fù)等位現(xiàn)象。例如:小麥銹菌許多菌系的多個(gè)位點(diǎn)的毒性基因是雜合的;一般情況下,非毒性基因(A)表現(xiàn)顯性或不完全顯性,毒性基因(a)為隱性,有時(shí)毒性基因在不同小種中的顯隱性表現(xiàn)可能不同。未發(fā)現(xiàn)毒性基因有復(fù)等位現(xiàn)象,基因連鎖也少見(jiàn)。毒性基因間及毒性基因與遺傳背景間有互作關(guān)系。此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)可能存在銹菌的兩個(gè)基因與小麥一個(gè)基因相對(duì)應(yīng)的情況。小麥、大麥、燕麥白粉病菌均含有兩條染色體,一大一小,異宗配合,變種之間均能雜交,但其后代往往失去致病性或大大減弱,白粉菌的毒性為單基因遺傳,至少有12個(gè)位點(diǎn)上的17個(gè)基因決定著對(duì)大麥品種的毒性。大多數(shù)黑粉菌為異宗結(jié)合,小孢子分為兩個(gè)交配型,雙核體的單倍后代分成4個(gè)交配型。多數(shù)為單基因隱性遺傳,有的如燕麥散黑粉菌和大麥堅(jiān)黑穗菌的致病性可因寄主品種不同而分為顯性、隱性或顯一隱結(jié)合,少數(shù)有超親遺傳現(xiàn)象。蘋(píng)果黑星病菌有兩個(gè)交配型,自交很少發(fā)生,一般為雜交,即不同交配型的毒性菌系才能雜交,其毒性為單基因遺傳,2個(gè)或2個(gè)以上致病基因控制對(duì)同一品種的毒性,同一位點(diǎn)的非毒性等位基因一般有上位作用。

在過(guò)去的研究中,曾發(fā)現(xiàn)一些植物病原真菌的致病性有細(xì)胞質(zhì)遺傳現(xiàn)象,但這一現(xiàn)象是否由真菌病毒引致,有待于進(jìn)一步查明,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)在真菌的絲狀體內(nèi)也存在質(zhì)粒。

近年來(lái)在植物病原物致病性研究方面的一項(xiàng)重要成果,是在根癌土壤桿菌Ti質(zhì)粒的遺傳特性研究方面取得了重大進(jìn)展。Ti質(zhì)粒是存在于染色體外的環(huán)形雙鏈DNA分子,其分子量為(90~150)×106,具有多方面的功能,已構(gòu)建出Ti質(zhì)粒的遺傳圖,明確了Ti質(zhì)粒所具有的生物學(xué)功能是由DNA的三個(gè)功能區(qū)所決定的:T—DNA區(qū)決定腫瘤的形成和冠癭堿的合成,vir一區(qū)為細(xì)菌吸附到植物細(xì)胞上使Ti質(zhì)粒進(jìn)入細(xì)胞有關(guān)部位,Vir一區(qū)段與冠癭病的形成也有關(guān)系。第三區(qū)為細(xì)菌吸收利用冠癭堿的區(qū)域,已經(jīng)鑒定出在T—DNA的編碼結(jié)構(gòu)中有4個(gè)遺傳位點(diǎn)。此外,在病原細(xì)菌的產(chǎn)細(xì)菌素質(zhì)粒的研究和植物病毒的致病性遺傳研究方面均取得了許多新的進(jìn)展。查明了植物病毒的基因組位于其核苷酸鏈上,基因組決定衣殼蛋白的血清反應(yīng)特性,致病的?;裕W拥男螒B(tài)和體積以及其它理化反應(yīng)特性,基因組受到損害,缺失或其個(gè)別核苷酸被取代易發(fā)生變異。有些植物病毒的特性分別攜帶在不同分體的RNA上,只有這些RNA在同一個(gè)寄主體內(nèi)組合時(shí),才能把那種病毒的致病性完整地表現(xiàn)出來(lái),這種現(xiàn)象稱作多分體現(xiàn)象。此外,在植物病毒的基因組交換和再組合研究方面應(yīng)用番茄斑萎病毒,苜?;ㄈ~病毒以及TRV等多種病毒的不同株系進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),均證明通過(guò)基因組的交換可以產(chǎn)生新的株系。這些研究結(jié)果為進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展病原物致病性遺傳提供了有利條件。

參考書(shū)目

Peter,R.Day:Genetics of host-parasite interaction(2nd chapter),W.H.Freeman and company,1973.

(美)H.惠勒著,沈崇堯譯:《植物病程》,科學(xué)出版社,1979,北京。(H.Wheeler,Plant Pothogenesis,Springer—Valag Berlin Heidelberg,New York)1975.范德普朗克著,曾士邁等譯:《植物病理過(guò)程的遺傳學(xué)和分子基礎(chǔ)》,上??萍汲霭嫔?,上海,1982。(J.E.Vander-plank,Genetic and Molecular Basis of Plant Pathogene-sis,Springer—valag Berlin Heidelberg New York).

細(xì)菌的致病性取決于哪些因素簡(jiǎn)述

病原菌侵入機(jī)體能否致病與細(xì)菌毒力、侵入機(jī)體數(shù)量、侵入門(mén)戶及機(jī)體免疫力、環(huán)境因素等密切相關(guān)

細(xì)菌致病性 (pathogenicity)指細(xì)菌能引起感染能力細(xì)菌致病性對(duì)特定宿主而言有僅對(duì)人類有致病性有只對(duì)某些動(dòng)物有致病性,有則對(duì)人類和動(dòng)物都有致病性,同病原菌對(duì)宿主引起同程度病理過(guò)程和導(dǎo)致同疾病例,傷寒沙門(mén)菌感染引起人類傷寒,而結(jié)核分枝桿菌則引起結(jié)核病由細(xì)菌種屬特性決定

通常把病原菌致病性強(qiáng)弱程度稱細(xì)菌毒力 (virulence)各種病原菌毒力盡致即使同種細(xì)菌也因菌型或菌株同而有差異,毒力常用半數(shù)致死量(median lethal dose LD50)或半數(shù)感染量(median infective dose,ID50)表示即定時(shí)間內(nèi)通過(guò)指定感染途徑能使定體重或年齡某種實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物半數(shù)死亡或感染所需要小細(xì)菌數(shù)或毒素量因此致病性質(zhì)概念;毒力量概念

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