?refrigeration

refrigeration發(fā)音

英：[r??fr?d??'re??n]　　美：[r??fr?d??'re??n]

英：　　美：

refrigeration中文意思翻譯

n. 冷卻, 冷藏, 冷凍

refrigeration詞形變化

形容詞: refrigerative | 動詞現(xiàn)在分詞: refrigerating | 動詞第三人稱單數(shù): refrigerates | 名詞: refrigeration | 動詞過去式: refrigerated | 動詞過去分詞: refrigerated |

refrigeration常見例句

1 、Taught in the speciality of Refrigeration &Cryogenics. The professional titles are: associate professor (1985-1992).───1992在西安交通大學(xué)能源與動力工程學(xué)院制冷與低溫工程專業(yè)副教授。

2 、Every greenhouse operation can use refrigeration facilities'in many ways.───從事溫室生產(chǎn)時，制冷設(shè)備用途很廣。

3 、The application of waste steam ejecting refrigeration in refinery were introduced with emphasis on types ofrefrigerator, p(?───從制冷機(jī)的形式、工藝流程及設(shè)備的布置安裝方式等方面介紹了乏汽噴射式制冷在煉油廠中的應(yīng)用。

4 、Reverse Brayton cycles of helium, the primary form of helium refrigeration, are widely used in cryogenic engineering.───在大量的科學(xué)研究和低溫工程領(lǐng)域中，氦氣制冷技術(shù)被廣泛應(yīng)用，逆布雷頓制冷循環(huán)則是其主要的循環(huán)制冷方法。

5 、We'll keep it in our refrigerator until you are discharged.─── 我們會將其保管在醫(yī)院冷藏室中 直到你出院

6 、There they were: one neat row of thick green bottles, necks staring directly at me, and ice cold from the refrigeration.───它們就在那兒!一排整齊的深綠色瓶子，瓶頸一個挨一個地凝視著我，冰箱里散發(fā)出冰冷的氣息。

7 、Has the refrigeration to alleviate heat-producing factors, effect of the disintoxicating drainage.───具有清熱瀉火、解毒排膿之功效。

8 、I have a refrigerator that's only for beer, and a backup refrigerator full of backup beer.─── 我有一個專門放啤酒的冰箱 還有一個專門放備用啤酒的備用冰箱

9 、Heating Refrigeration variety of solutions.───多種供暖制冷的解決方案。

10 、This article combined with the request of technology of production,and made a research of optimization function about refrigeration water system.───介紹了溴化鋰吸收式制冷機(jī)組停機(jī)保養(yǎng)、冷水管理、冷卻水管理、溶液管理、溶晶方面的維護(hù)和管理經(jīng)驗。

11 、Analysing the failure modes of each component, constructs the fault trees of both CACS and refrigeration system.───在空調(diào)系統(tǒng)各組成單元故障模式分析的基礎(chǔ)上，分別建立了集中空調(diào)系統(tǒng)和制冷系統(tǒng)的故障樹。

12 、It can be widely used in industries such as oil, food, refrigeration and nucleates. If the material is changed.───變換材質(zhì)可廣泛使用于石油、化工、制藥、食品、制冷及原子能等行業(yè)；

13 、SANHUA Refrigeration Industrial Group has acquired Ranco's global four-way reversing valve business of in 2007.───公司還于2007年收購了蘭柯全球四通閥業(yè)務(wù)，銷售體系已并入三花制冷產(chǎn)業(yè)，但仍擁有獨立的生產(chǎn)線及技術(shù)研發(fā)隊伍。

14 、For retail refrigeration, cool storage, food &non - food industries, MAF certified and export industries.───可用在冰箱上冷藏食品，也可用于工業(yè)儲藏非食品，我們是經(jīng)管理應(yīng)用功能認(rèn)證的出口廠商。

15 、For air conditioning, purification, HVAC, refrigeration and paint technology, the cause and make due diligence.───為空調(diào)、凈化、暖通、冷凍及烤漆房技術(shù)等事業(yè)，作出應(yīng)盡的努力。

16 、Xianlihua Refrigeration Equipment Installation Co., Ltd.───先利華制冷設(shè)備安裝有限公司。

17 、Solid carbon dioxide has a low temperature, which makes it suitable for refrigeration.───固體二氧化碳的溫度很低，這使得它適合于制冷。

18 、Shanghai General Fuji Refrigeration Equipment Co.───上海通用富士冷機(jī)有限公司。

19 、What refrigeration did promote was marketing.───冰箱促進(jìn)了銷售。

20 、Nan Ya Wrap has excellent coldresistance and can keep softness even under refrigeration.───南亞保鮮膜具優(yōu)越之耐寒性，在低溫冷藏時仍能保持良好之柔軟性。

21 、Every greenhouse operation can use refrigeration facilities in many ways.───從事溫室生產(chǎn)時,制冷設(shè)備用途很廣。

22 、Tilt to have the risk of unhook, the lube of compressor interior flows into refrigeration system likely also, affect refrigeration result.───一傾斜就有脫鉤的危險，壓縮機(jī)內(nèi)部的潤滑油也有可能流入制冷系統(tǒng)，影響制冷效果。

23 、This constant push and pull adjustment for the balance as long as refrigeration cycle continue.───如此不斷的進(jìn)行推拉調(diào)整平衡，只要制冷循環(huán)繼續(xù)下去。

24 、Shanghai Jincheng Refrigeration Equipment Co., Ltd.───上海金城制冷設(shè)備有限公司。

25 、Great ability that adsorbent adsorb adsorbate was led to evaporation of adsorbate liquid,which adsorption refrigeration cycle are realized.───利用吸附劑對吸附質(zhì)的強(qiáng)烈吸附能力 ,可以促使吸附質(zhì)液體蒸發(fā) ,從而實現(xiàn)吸附制冷循環(huán)。

26 、Capabilities and management of a refrigeration cooling device.───冷凍制冷設(shè)備的功能和管理。

27 、You see why we didn't put him in refrigeration.─── 你知道我們?yōu)槭裁床粚⑺氖w冷藏吧

28 、Low temperature environment is simulated by using a cascade refrigeration system in the thermal vacuum test facility of spacecraft subassembly.───衛(wèi)星部組件熱真空試驗設(shè)備制冷系統(tǒng)提供試驗設(shè)備的冷黑環(huán)境。

29 、Fish was considered a poor substitute (probably for good reason, in the days before refrigeration).───他們也很少以魚代肉（在冰箱發(fā)明前，這或許是明智之舉）。

30 、Master or Doctor degree on refrigeration &cryogenic engineering field.───制冷以及低溫工程專業(yè)，碩士以上學(xué)歷。

31 、Analyzes the two-stage refrigeration dehumidification,also improves the system s flow and configuration.───對兩級冷凍除濕過程進(jìn)行分析,并對系統(tǒng)流程和結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)。

32 、Summer cuttings may also be made, but they do best if defoliated and winterized in a refrigeration for 2-3 weeks before potting.───夏季扦**也可取得,但他們做的最好,如果葉過冬,并在制冷2-3個星期前,灌封.

33 、Analyzed the key function of twain grade condensatial refrigeration facility to the foodstuff's freeze quality?───分析了兩級壓縮制冷設(shè)備對食品凍結(jié)質(zhì)量所起的關(guān)鍵作用。

34 、So in some special refrigeration condition, it can"t be substituted by other refrigeration technology.───因而在一些特殊制冷(熱)條件，具有其他制冷形式無法替代的優(yōu)勢。

35 、In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary.───19世紀(jì)早期，發(fā)明家們關(guān)于對冷藏科學(xué)至關(guān)重要的熱物理知識的了解是很淺陋的。

36 、ALEXIS G K,ROGDAKIS E D.A verification study of steam-ejector refrigeration model[J].Appl Therm Eng,2003,23:29-36.───劉志強(qiáng)沈勝強(qiáng)等.噴射器一維設(shè)計理論的研究進(jìn)展[J].熱能動力工程,:.

37 、The refrigeration was helpful in the sta-bility of acid value.───冷藏有利于保持酸價穩(wěn)定性。

38 、Thus finished the intelligent control of the refrigeration system.───從而完成了制冷系統(tǒng)的智能化的控制。

39 、Hongli products are the ideal choice of Chinese refrigeration and air-condition heat exchange industry.───宏力產(chǎn)品是國內(nèi)制冷、空調(diào)換熱器行業(yè)的理想選擇。

40 、but it was refrigerated and fresh as a daisy.─── 還被冷凍起來 十分鮮活

41 、The market of world of deepfreeze refrigeration chance that the company makes is had rate is successive exceed 50% 3 years.───公司制造的冷藏箱制冷機(jī)世界市場占有率連續(xù)三年超過50%。

42 、The chlorine treating system with Freon refrigeration is introduced,which was imported from a foreign country.───介紹了從國外引進(jìn)的氟里昂制冷氯氣處理系統(tǒng);

43 、Company mission: apply the refrigeration technology to a wide range of life.───公司使命：致力于制冷技術(shù)應(yīng)用到更廣闊的生活領(lǐng)域；

44 、Thermoelectric refrigeration have the particular merits: small bulk, light weight,no yawp and pollution, good security.───利用Peltier和Seebeck效應(yīng)的熱電致冷是將電能轉(zhuǎn)換為熱能的過程，它有其它制冷技術(shù)難以媲美的優(yōu)點：體積小；

45 、Recommends calibration methods of types of sensor used in test rig refrigeration and air-condition test rig and the importance to calibrate termly.───介紹制冷空調(diào)試驗裝置中各類型傳感器的標(biāo)定方法及傳感器定期標(biāo)定的必要性。

46 、Refrigeration delayed the softening of the fruit or he observed the softening of iron by heat.───冷藏延緩了水果的軟化過程。

47 、I put it back in the refrigerator, you know, to keep it refrigerated.─── 我放回冰箱里了 讓它冷藏起來

48 、Bitzer Refrigeration Equipment Co.Ltd.Beijing (BBR) is a joint venture invested by Bitzer International and located in Beijing Tongzhou District.───北京比澤爾制冷設(shè)備有限公司是比澤爾集團(tuán)在北京投資的中德合作公司，位于北京市通州區(qū)。

49 、With nearly two decades of experience in China, Carrier is an undi utable leader in the central air-conditioning and refrigeration markets.───憑借在中國20年的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗，開利公司是暖通空調(diào)和冷凍行業(yè)無可爭辯的領(lǐng)先者。

50 、The results show that the refrigeration performance of DME is similar to R134a and the coefficient of performance(COP) is higher than the COP of R134a.───分析表明:二甲醚的制冷性能與R134a基本相似,而性能系數(shù)(COP)卻優(yōu)于R134a。

51 、The woman is like water, achieve boiling point to need proper time, refrigeration comes down also is.───女人如水，達(dá)到沸點需要一定的時間，冷卻下來也是。

52 、Workshop of Dalian Sanyo Refrigeration Company Ltd.───大連三洋制冷有限公司生產(chǎn)車間。

53 、Whitmore's Ammonia Compressor Oil is designed primarily for industrial refrigeration systems.───威特魔力氨壓縮機(jī)油主要設(shè)計用于工業(yè)冷凍系統(tǒng)。

54 、Parallel major producers of refrigeration units, and assume the whole project a turnkey project.───主要生產(chǎn)并聯(lián)制冷機(jī)組，并承擔(dān)整個工程的交鑰匙工程。

55 、Of has effect of the refrigeration phlegm reduction, the detumescent drainage.───具有清熱化痰、消腫排膿之功效。

56 、Has moistens dry areas, the refrigeration, the detumescent effect.───具有潤燥、清熱、消腫之功效。

57 、Variable refrigeration volume air conditioner (VRV) is widely used recently due to its merits such as effectiveness. comfortably.───變制冷劑流量多聯(lián)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)(簡稱VRV),由于其舒適、節(jié)能、美觀等優(yōu)點,正越來越得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。

58 、University or above major in HVAC, refrigeration, etc.───制冷或其它相關(guān)專業(yè)本科以上學(xué)歷;

59 、It includes the designs of hypobaric system, refrigeration system, control system and assisting system.───它包括減壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計、制冷系統(tǒng)設(shè)計、控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計和輔助系統(tǒng)設(shè)計。

60 、Additional, refrigeration effectiveness and last the effect also is to measure freezer energy-saving main factor.───另外，制冷效力和保鮮效果也是衡量冰箱節(jié)能與否的重要因素。

61 、The decay of the meat could have been prevented by proper refrigeration.───如果經(jīng)過適當(dāng)?shù)睦洳?這些肉本來不至于腐爛掉。

62 、Following pasteurization, the product is filled into containers and placed in refrigeration storage.───在巴氏殺菌之后,產(chǎn)品裝入容器內(nèi)并冷藏。

63 、At airproof-padding have refrigeration system, it can according the temperature of using medium to take heat use cooling water.───密封填料處有冷卻系統(tǒng),可根據(jù)用戶使用介質(zhì)的溫度,用冷卻水帶走熱量。

64 、Main company business covers in HVAC, industry refrigeration, food, paper maching, water treatment, etc.───公司主要業(yè)務(wù)涉及暖通空調(diào)、工業(yè)冷凍、食品飲料、造紙設(shè)備、環(huán)保水處理等諸多領(lǐng)域。

65 、The refrigerator? I'm in so much pain.─── 打到冰箱上 我太痛苦了

66 、Ningbo Grant Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd.───寧波格蘭特制冷設(shè)備制造有限公司。

67 、This puny refrigerator could not block me.─── 這個微不足道的冰箱都阻止不了我

68 、There's a lost civilization in our refrigerator.─── 我們的冰箱里有一整個文明

69 、Peltier heat is foundation of thermoelectric refrigeration circulation .───分析了熱電制冷過程的傳熱性能，帕爾貼熱是熱電制冷循環(huán)的基礎(chǔ)。

70 、The result of the experiment shows that the refrigeration system adopting frequency conversion technology can save energy about 6%.───實驗結(jié)果表明，在實驗工況下，變頻制冷系統(tǒng)與定頻系統(tǒng)相比能節(jié)省6%左右的能耗。

71 、Villa's heating and refrigeration adopted household central air-conditioning.───別墅采暖與制冷采用戶式可調(diào)式中央空調(diào)。

72 、Dorgan , C.B., C.E.Dorgan and S.P.Leight ,“Application Guide for Absorption cooling / Refrigeration using Recovered Heat,”ASHRAE Handbook , 1995.───中華民國行政院勞委會，勞工作業(yè)環(huán)境空氣中有害物容許濃度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，勞安三字第0920073294號令第三次修正，92年12月31日。

73 、HRAI member companies provide products and services for indoor comfort and essential refrigeration processes.───加拿大供熱制冷與空調(diào)協(xié)會成員公司提供室內(nèi)舒適與基本制冷處理的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)。

74 、Eastasia Electrical Appliances Refrigeration Equipment Installation Co.───北奧通制冷設(shè)備有限公司。

75 、Because once a door cold cloud, compressors is operating dozens more minutes to restore refrigeration temperature.───因為開一次門冷空氣散開，壓縮機(jī)就要多運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)十分鐘，才能恢復(fù)冷藏溫度。

76 、The Stirling engine cycle can also be used "in reverse", to convert rotating motion into a temperature differential (and thus provide refrigeration).───史特靈引擎循環(huán)也是可以“反轉(zhuǎn)”的，只要利用溫度差異就可以反向旋轉(zhuǎn)(并利用這個反應(yīng)達(dá)到降溫)。

77 、Heat transfer enhancement of adsorbent bed is the primary factor to affect solid adsorption refrigeration.───吸附床的傳熱強(qiáng)化是影響固體吸附式制冷的主要因素。

78 、In the refrigerator, out of the refrigerator.─── 在冰箱里的 不在冰箱里的

79 、Mobil Gargoyle Arctic Oil Series are a group of oils that cover the entire range of refrigeration compressor requirements (except sulfur dioxide).───佳高冷凍機(jī)油系列是一組適合各類型制冷劑(除二氧化硫外)之壓縮機(jī)潤滑油。

80 、With the experimental results,analyzes the lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system more comprehensibly.───與實驗結(jié)果分析相結(jié)合,使得對吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)的分析更加全面。

81 、Director of National Teaching Guidance Group in Speciality of Refrigeration and Cryogenics of China.───任全國高等學(xué)校制冷與低溫專業(yè)教學(xué)指導(dǎo)小組組長。

82 、The main prevention measures are to strengthen refrigeration and increase the content of manganese to 2%.───主要預(yù)防措施是強(qiáng)化冷卻和將錳含量提高到2%。

83 、The analyzing of pyroelectric refrigeration in Semiconductor material.───半導(dǎo)體材料熱電制冷剖析。

84 、Commercial refrigeration relies on fans to circulate the air within the cabinet.───商用冷藏柜依靠風(fēng)扇使空氣在柜內(nèi)流通。

85 、High capacity benchtop centrifuge with built-in refrigeration system, Maintenance-free brushless drive motor.───大容量冷凍臺式離心機(jī)；免維護(hù)無碳刷變頻電機(jī)。

86 、I'm guessing she's been in the refrigerator for a year.─── 我估計她在這個冰箱里有一年了

87 、China Anhui jianghuai Aviation Oxygen Supply and Refrigeration Equipment Company.LTD.───安徽江淮航空供氧制冷設(shè)備有限公司。

88 、COM]Shunde Huanan Air-Condition & Refrigeration Industry Co., Ltd.───人均頁讀數(shù)：Page Views per user for [SHENLING.

89 、This paper analyzes the inter-phasing pulse tube refrigeration using the thermodynamic methods.───對內(nèi)調(diào)相型脈管制冷機(jī)進(jìn)行熱力學(xué)理論分析。

90 、Refrigeration preserves the nutrients and prevents fermentation.───冷藏可保護(hù)營養(yǎng)及防止發(fā)酵。

History of Refrigeration

For centuries,people have known that the evaporation of water produces a cooling effect. At first, they did not attempt to recognize and understand the phenomenon, but they knew that any portion of the body that became wet felt cold as it dried in the air. At least as early as the second century evaporation was used in Egypt to chill jars of water,and it was employed in ancient India to make ice(Neuberger,1930).（幾個世紀(jì)以來,人們已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到水蒸發(fā)可以產(chǎn)生冷卻效果｡起初,人們沒有試圖去認(rèn)知和理解這種現(xiàn)象,但人們知道身體的任一潮濕部分在空氣中晾曬時會有冷的感覺｡至少早在二世紀(jì),蒸發(fā)在埃及被用來冷卻壇裝的水,在古印度被用來制冰(Neuberger,1930)｡）

The first attempts to produce refrigeration mechanically depended on the cooling effects of the evaporation of water. In 1755 William Cullen, a Scottish physician, obtained sufficiently low temperatures for ice making. He accomplished this by reducing the pressure on water in a closed container with an air pump. At a very low pressure the liquid evaporated or boiled at a low temperature. The heat required for a portion of water to change phase from liquid to vapor was taken from the rest of the water, and at least part of the water remaining turned to ice. Since Cullen, many engineers and scientists have created a number of inventions for clarifying the main principles of mechanical refrigeration (Goosman, 1924). In 1834, Jacob Perkins, an American residing in England, constructed and patented a vapor-compression machine with a compressor, a condenser, an evaporator, and a cock between the condenser and the evaporator (Critchell and Raymond, 1912). He made it by evaporating under reduced pressure a volatile fluid obtained by the destructive distillation of India rubber. It was used to produce a small quantity of ice, but not commercially. Growing demand over the 30 years after 1850 brought great inventive accomplishments and progress. New substances, e.g ammonia and carbon dioxide, which were more suitable than water and ether, were made available by Faraday, Thilorier, and others, and they demonstrated that these substances could be liquefied.（機(jī)械制冷的第一次嘗試依賴于水蒸發(fā)產(chǎn)生的冷卻效果｡1755年,蘇格蘭醫(yī)師William Cullen得到了足夠低的溫度用于制冰｡他利用一個空氣泵來降低一個封閉容器內(nèi)水面上的壓力來達(dá)到這個目的｡在相當(dāng)?shù)偷膲毫ο?液體可在低溫下蒸發(fā)或沸騰｡一部分水從液態(tài)到汽態(tài)發(fā)生相變所需要的熱量來自余下的水,至少剩余的部分水會變成冰｡從Cullen開始,許多工程師和科學(xué)家創(chuàng)造了大量的發(fā)明來闡釋機(jī)械制冷的原理(Goosman,1924)｡1834年,定居英格蘭的美國人Jacob Perkins造出了一臺由壓縮機(jī)､冷凝器､蒸發(fā)器和位于冷凝器和蒸發(fā)器之間的開關(guān)組成的蒸汽壓縮式制冷機(jī),并取得了專利(Critchell and Raymond,1912)｡他是通過在減壓下蒸發(fā)一種易揮發(fā)的流體實現(xiàn)的,該流體是通過一種印度橡膠干餾得到的｡它被用于少量冰的生產(chǎn),但未被商業(yè)化｡1850年后30多年的增長需要帶來了巨大的創(chuàng)造性的成果和進(jìn)展｡比水和乙醚更適合的新工質(zhì)被Faraday,Thilorier等人發(fā)現(xiàn),如氨和二氧化碳,他們證明了這些物質(zhì)可被液化｡）

The theoretical background required for mechanical refrigeration was provided by Rumford and Davy, who had explained the nature of heat, and by Kelvin, Joule, and Rankine, who were continuing the work begun by Sadi Carnot informulating the science of thermodynamics(Travers,1946). Refrigerating machines appeared between 1850 and 1880, and these could be classified according to substance (refrigerant). Machines using air as a refrigerant were called compressed-air or cold-air machines and played a significant role in refrigeration history.Dr.John Gorrie, an American, developed a real commercial cold-air machine and patented it in England in 1950 and in America in 1951(DOI,1952).（Rumford､Davy､Kelvin､Joule和Rankine提供了機(jī)械制冷所需要的理論背景,Rumford和Davy解釋了熱的本質(zhì),Kelvin､Joule和Rankine延續(xù)了Sadi Carnot的工作,明確的對熱力學(xué)進(jìn)行了闡述(Travers,1946)｡制冷機(jī)出現(xiàn)在1850至1880年之間,并可以依據(jù)工質(zhì)(制冷劑)分類｡用空氣作為制冷劑的制冷機(jī),稱為壓縮空氣機(jī)或冷空氣制冷機(jī),并在制冷史上起著重要的作用｡美國人John Gorrie博士,開發(fā)了一種真正商用的冷空氣制冷機(jī),并于1950年在英格蘭,1951年在美國獲得專利(DOI,1952)｡）

Refrigerating machines using cold air as a refrigerant were divided into two types, closed cycle and open cycle.In the closed cycle,air confined to the machine at a pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure was utilized repeatedly during the operation. In the open cycle, air was drawn into the machine at atmospheric pressure and when cooled was discharged directly into the space to be refrigerated.In Europe.Dr.Alexander C.Kirk commercially developed a closed cycle refrigerating machine in 1862, and Franz Windhausen invented a closed cycle machine and patented it in America in 1870. The open cycle refrigerating machines theoretically outlined by Kelvin and Rankine in the early 1850s were invented by a Frenchman, Paul Giffard, in 1873 and by Joseph J.Colemanand James Bellin Britain in 1877(Roelker,1906).（用冷空氣作制冷劑的制冷機(jī)可分為兩類:閉合循環(huán)和開式循環(huán)｡在閉合循環(huán)中,進(jìn)入制冷機(jī)的高于大氣壓的空氣在工作中可被重復(fù)利用｡在開口循環(huán)中,空氣在大氣壓下進(jìn)入制冷機(jī),被冷卻后,直接排放到需要制冷的空間｡在歐洲,1862年Alexander C. Kirk博士開發(fā)了一種商業(yè)用閉合循環(huán)制冷機(jī),Franz Windhausen發(fā)明了一種閉合循環(huán)制冷機(jī)并于1870年在美國獲得專利｡在19世紀(jì)50年代早期,Kelvin和Rankine在理論上構(gòu)件了開口循環(huán)制冷機(jī)的輪廓,法國人Paul Giffard于1873年,Joseph J. Coleman和James Bell在英國于1877年,發(fā)明了開口循環(huán)制冷機(jī)(Roelker,1906)｡）

In 1860, a French engineer, Ferdinand P. Edniond Carre, invented an intermittent crude ammonia absorption apparatus based on the chemical affinity of ammonia for water, which produced ice on a limited scale. Despite its limitations, it represented significant progress.（1860年,法國工程師Ferdin and P .Edniond Carre基于氨和水的化學(xué)新和力,發(fā)明了一種間歇式氨吸收制冷裝置,用于小規(guī)模制冰｡盡管具有局限性,但體現(xiàn)了很大的進(jìn)步｡）

His apparatus had a hand pump and could freeze a small amount of water in about 5 minutes(Goosman, 1924). It was widely used in Paris for a while, but it suffered from a serious disadvantage in that the sulfuric acid quickly became diluted with water and lost its affinity. （他的裝置有一個手壓泵,能夠在大約5分鐘內(nèi)使少量的水結(jié)冰(Goosman,1924)｡它在巴黎廣泛應(yīng)用了一段時間,但它有一個嚴(yán)重的缺點,就是硫酸遇水會迅速變稀,失去其親和力｡）

The real inventor of a small, hand-operated absorption machine was H.A. Fleuss, who designed an effective pump for this machine. A comparatively large-scale ice making absorption unit was constructed in 1878 by F. Windhausen. It operated continuously by drawing water from sulfuric acid with additional heat to increase the affinity(Goosman,1924).（小型手動吸收式制冷機(jī)的真正發(fā)明者是H.A.Fleuss,他為該制冷機(jī)設(shè)計了高效的泵｡F.Windhausen于1878年,制成了規(guī)模相當(dāng)大的吸收式制冰機(jī)｡它通過加熱硫酸的方式提高硫酸的濃度來連續(xù)工作(Goosman,1924)｡）

One of the earliest of the vapor-compression machines was invented and patented by an American professor, Alexander C. Twining,in 1853.He established an ice production plant using this system in Cleveland, Ohio and could produce close to a ton per day. After that, a number of other inventors experimented with vapor-compression machines which used ether or its compounds (Woolrich, 1947). In France F.P.E. Carre developed and installed an ether-compression machine, and Charles Tellier (who was a versatile pioneer of mechanical refrigeration) constructed a plant using methyl ether as a refrigerant. In Germany Carl Linde,financed by brewers, established a methyl ether unit in 1874.Just before this Linde had paved the way for great improvements in refrigerating machinery by demonstrating how its thermodynamic efficiency could be calculated and increased (Goosman, 1924). （最早的蒸氣壓縮式制冷機(jī)之一是由美國教授Alexander C. Twining于1853年發(fā)明的,并獲得專利｡他利用該系統(tǒng)在Cleveland,Ohio建成了一個制冰廠,日產(chǎn)冰量接近1噸｡自那之后,大量的發(fā)明家用以醚及其化合物為工質(zhì)的蒸汽壓縮式制冷機(jī)進(jìn)行試驗(Woolrich,1947)｡在法國,F.P.E.Carre開發(fā)并安裝了一臺乙醚為工質(zhì)的壓縮式制冷機(jī),Charles Tellier(多才多藝的機(jī)械制冷先驅(qū)者)用甲醚作為制冷劑構(gòu)件了一臺裝置｡在德國Carl Linde,由釀酒者提供資金于1874年建成了一個甲醚制冷裝置｡僅僅在此之前,Linde已通過證明如何計算和提高制冷機(jī)的熱力學(xué)效率,為制冷機(jī)的巨大發(fā)展鋪平了道路(Goosman,1924)｡）

Inventors of compression machines also experimented with ammonia, which became the most popular refrigerant and was used widely for many years.In the 1860s Tellier developed an ammonia-compression machine.In 1872 David Boyle made satisfactory equipment for ice making and patented it in 1872 in America.Nevertheless, the most important figure in the development of ammonia-compression machines was Linde, who obtained a patent in 1876 for one which was installed in Trieste brewery the following year. Later, Linde's model became very popular and was considered excellent in its mechanical details (Awberry, 1942). The use of ammonia in the compression refrigerating machines was a significant step forward. In addition to its thermodynamic advantage, the pressures it required were easy to produce, and machines which used it could be small in size. In the late 1860s, P.H. Van der Weyde of Philadelphia got a patent for a compression unit which featured a refrigerant composed of petroleum products (Goosman, 1924). In 1875 R.P. Pictet at the University of Genevaint roduced a compression machine that used sulfuric acid.In 1866 T.S.C.Lowe, an American, developed refrigerating equipment that used carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide compression machines became important, because of the gas's harmlesness, in installations where safety was the primary concern,although they were not used extensively until the 1890s(Awberry,1942). Between 1880 and 1890 ammonia-compression installations became more common. By 1890 mechanical refrigeration had proved to be both practical and economical for the food refrigeration industry.Europeans provided most of the theoretical background for the development of mechanical refrigeration, but Americans participated vigorously in the wide spread inventive activity between 1850 and 1880.（壓縮制冷機(jī)的發(fā)明者們,也曾用最流行的､并被廣泛應(yīng)用多年的制冷劑氨做過試驗｡在19世紀(jì)60年代,Tellier開發(fā)了一臺氨壓縮制冷機(jī)｡在1872年,David Boyle制成了令人滿意的制冷裝置,并于1872年在美國申請專利｡然而,在氨壓縮制冷機(jī)的發(fā)展過程中最重要的人物是Linde,他于1876年獲得專利并在第二年安裝在Trieste的釀酒廠｡后來,Linde的模型變的非常流行,從機(jī)械方面說它被認(rèn)為是最完美的(Awberry,1942)｡氨在壓縮式制冷機(jī)中的應(yīng)用是重要的進(jìn)步｡除了其熱力學(xué)優(yōu)點外,它所需要的壓力容易達(dá)到,應(yīng)用它的機(jī)器在體積上可以很小｡在19世紀(jì)60年代晚期,費城的P.H.Vander Weyde獲得了一項壓縮式制冷機(jī)的專利,該壓縮機(jī)的特點是以由石油產(chǎn)品構(gòu)成的混合物作為制冷劑(Goosman,1924)｡1875年,日內(nèi)瓦大學(xué)的R.P.Pictet引進(jìn)了一臺使用硫酸的壓縮式制冷機(jī)｡1866年,美國人T.S.C.Lowe開發(fā)了使用二氧化碳的制冷裝置｡二氧化碳壓縮式制冷機(jī),盡管在19世紀(jì)90年代以前未得到廣泛應(yīng)用,但因該氣體的無害性,它在安全是首要關(guān)心問題的安裝中變得非常重要(Awberry,1942)｡在1880至1890年間,氨壓縮機(jī)的安裝變得更加普遍｡到1890年,在食品制冷行業(yè)機(jī)械制冷已被證實是既可行又經(jīng)濟(jì)的｡歐洲人為機(jī)械制冷的發(fā)展提供了大部分的理論背景,而美國人在1850到1880年間卻把更多的精力投入到廣泛的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造活動中｡）

Steady technical progress in the field of mechanical refrigeration marked the years after 1890.Revolutionary changes were not the rule,but many improvements were made,inseveral countries,in the design and construction of refrigerating units, as well as in their basic components,compressors,condensers,and evaporators.（在機(jī)械制冷領(lǐng)域,平穩(wěn)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步是在1890年后｡革命性的變化不是主要的,但在許多國家,制冷裝置的設(shè)計與構(gòu)造取得了很大的進(jìn)步｡它們的基本部件､壓縮機(jī)､冷凝器和蒸發(fā)器也取得了很大的進(jìn)步｡）

制冷與冷藏技術(shù)用英語怎么講

refrigeration and refrigeration technology 制冷和冷藏技術(shù)