?mesenchymal

mesenchymal發(fā)音

[mes'eŋkiməl]

英：　　美：

mesenchymal中文意思翻譯

adj. [生]間葉細胞的；由間葉細胞組成的；間葉細胞樣的

mesenchymal常見例句

1 、CD44 is a trans-membrane glycoprotein widely expressed on many kinds of cell from epithelial, mesenchymal, hematopoietic and mesodermal tissues.───摘要CD44是屬于黏附因子家族的跨膜糖蛋白。它廣泛表達于多種內(nèi)皮細胞、間充質(zhì)細胞、造血干細胞及中胚層來源的細胞和組織。

2 、The application of mesenchymal stem cells in the posterior eye mostly concentrates in seeking for the feasible treatment of retinitis pigmentosa.───在眼后節(jié)的應(yīng)用重點集中于尋找治療視網(wǎng)膜色素變性可行的治療方法上。

3 、It has been also demonstrated that stem cell isolated from human adipose tissue is a mesenchymal lineage cell and it can be differentiated into adipocyte.───從人類脂肪組織中取得的干細胞已被證明為間葉世系的干細胞，能分化成成熟的脂肪細胞。

4 、We report a case of primary intraspinal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma in an 11-year-old boy.───摘要我們報告一個11歲男童被診斷為原發(fā)性脊髓內(nèi)間葉軟骨肉瘤之病例。

5 、Dormady S P,Bashayan O,Dougherty R.Immortalized multipotential mesenchymal cells and the hemaptopoietic microenvironment[J].J Hematocher Stem Cell Res,2001,10:125-140.───婁淑杰顧平等.骨髓基質(zhì)細胞對神經(jīng)干細胞分化為神經(jīng)元的影響[J].中國神經(jīng)科學(xué)雜志,:.

6 、Abstract Objective：To investigate the characteristics of Ca2+ signaling pathways in human mesenchymal stem cells(hMSCs).───摘 要 目的：探討人骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞鈣離子通道的電生理學(xué)特性。

7 、The transfection efficiency of rAAV1/2-lacZ vector gene from umbilical mesenchymal stem cells cultured in vitro is satisfactory and becomes higher as MOI increased.───體外培養(yǎng)的臍血間質(zhì)干細胞能高效轉(zhuǎn)染重組腺相關(guān)病毒1/2載體-lacZ報告基因,在一定感染復(fù)數(shù)范圍內(nèi),細胞轉(zhuǎn)染率隨著感染復(fù)數(shù)的增加而升高。

8 、Fas-FasL system may play an important role in the apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal cell.───Fas-FasL系統(tǒng)可能是啟動骨髓基質(zhì)細胞凋亡的一條重要途徑。

9 、In this study, immortalized mesenchymal stem cell lines can be formed in soft agar cloning, cloning rate was only 2.1%, but not tumorigenicity in nude mice.───本實驗的永生化間充質(zhì)干細胞系可在軟瓊脂內(nèi)形成克隆，克隆形成率只有2.1%，但不在裸鼠體內(nèi)致瘤。

10 、In order to investigate the effect of activated microglial cells on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs).───為探討小膠質(zhì)細胞激活后對骨髓間充質(zhì)細胞(MSC)轉(zhuǎn)化方向的影響。

11 、The Forsyth group therefore tested these possibilities in a new study using dental epithelial and mesenchymal cells isolated from the first, second and third molars of rats.───因此，福塞斯研究院的團隊做了另一項新研究，來測試這些可能性。他們分離了大鼠第一、第二與第三臼齒的牙上皮細胞與間質(zhì)細胞。

12 、Mesoblastic nephroma, also known as fetal mesenchymal hamartoma or leiomyomatous hamartoma, is predominantly seen in infancy.───摘要中胚層腎瘤，或者被稱為胎兒間葉缺陷瘤或是平滑肌缺陷瘤，主要發(fā)現(xiàn)在幼兒時期。

13 、"This finding marks the first direct evidence of the source of multipotent adult stem cells known as mesenchymal stem cells.───ault博士說：“這個發(fā)現(xiàn)是標志存在多潛能成體干細胞（已知的間充質(zhì)干細胞）第一個直接證據(jù)。

14 、A small fraction of GFP+ cells with mesenchymal marker CD90 also existed in the perivascular area.───并有少部分GFP+細胞片段同時帶有間充質(zhì)來源細胞表面標記物CD90存在于血管周圍區(qū)域。

15 、Thereby establishing the immortalization of human mesenchymal stem cells.───從而建立了永生化的人骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞.

16 、Mediastinal lipoblastoma is a rare mesenchymal tumor of embryonal fat occurring predominantly in the first three years life.───摘要縱隔腔脂肪母細胞瘤是一種罕見胚胎脂肪間質(zhì)瘤，常發(fā)生在3歲之前，少于20例已發(fā)表在英文的文獻中。

17 、METHODS: Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from human bone marrow.───方法：從人骨髓分離間充質(zhì)干細胞。

18 、Mesenchymal tumors of the urinary bladder are rare, and the majority of them are malignant.───摘要膀胱間葉瘤是罕見的，而且大多是惡性的。

19 、However, as specifically regards the isolation and expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), unfortunately serum-free media have not yet been defined.───然而目前特別關(guān)注的是人間充質(zhì)干細胞的分離與擴增，但目前無血清培養(yǎng)基的方法尚未建立。

20 、Abstract： Mesenchymal stem cells have the pluripotency,they are so many source,but they are most coming from marrow.───摘要： 間質(zhì)干細胞具有多分化潛能，它有多種來源，最主要來源于骨髓。

21 、Conventional and mesenchymal chondrosarcomas are its two main types which are different in clinical characteristic,treatment,prognosis and so on.───原發(fā)性顱底軟骨肉瘤主要分為普通型和間葉型,兩型的臨床特點不同,治療預(yù)后亦不同。

22 、We derived cell populations with properties of ectodermal and mesenchymal cells in 2D culture and incorporated these divergent cell populations into 3D epithelial tissues.───我們利用二維培養(yǎng)將胚胎干細胞分化為具有外胚和間充質(zhì)特性的細胞，再將這些細胞復(fù)合入三維上皮組織。

23 、Fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells, which are derived from the embryonic mesoderm.───成纖維細胞是來源于胚胎中胚層的間充質(zhì)細胞。

24 、Human bone marrow mesenchymal sten cells(BMSCs) were seeded into CPC-PLGA polymer and cultured in vitro,then detected by SEM.───將人骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞種植于CPC-PLGA復(fù)合物上并體外培養(yǎng),然后進行掃描電鏡觀察.

25 、Vimentin,one type of intermediate filaments,mainly exists in mesenchymal cells and is closely related to gliosis and glial scar recovery after brain injury.───波形蛋白是主要存在于間充質(zhì)細胞中的一種中間絲,與腦損傷后的反應(yīng)性膠質(zhì)化和瘢痕修復(fù)密切相關(guān)。

26 、Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor (OFMT) of the soft parts is an uncommon, recently described mesenchymal neoplasm.───摘要軟組織骨化性類纖維黏液瘤是近來提出一少見的間質(zhì)性腫瘤。

27 、Mammalian teeth develop on the oral surface of the first pharyngeal arch by a series of reciprocal interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells.───哺乳類動物的牙齒是由上皮和間充質(zhì)細胞通過一系列相互之間的作用，在第一腮弓的口腔表層發(fā)育而成的。

28 、For clinical using, human adult bone marrow (BM) is the most common source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).───成人骨髓是臨床應(yīng)用時最常見的間充質(zhì)干細胞(MSC)的來源。

29 、Intracranial mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is one of the rare tumors of the central nervous system, which often presents as an aggressive-appearing extra-axial hypervascular tumor at the falx cerebri.───摘要間質(zhì)軟骨肉瘤是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中罕見腫瘤之一，它通常以大腦鐮上血液供應(yīng)豐富的腫瘤表現(xiàn)。

30 、Integrin is transmembrane protein and related to cell and extra cellular mesenchymal (ECM) combining, cell adhering, complement binding and phagocytosis.───整合素是一種跨膜蛋白,它參與細胞和細胞外間質(zhì)(ECM)的粘附。

31 、For the mesenchymal stem cell marker profiles, cambium layer and cartilage layer all expressed higher chondroprogenitor related marker profiles.───在細胞表面標志上，年輕與成年兔形成層及軟骨組織表現(xiàn)較多具軟骨分化潛力之細胞標志。

32 、The expression of mesenchymal DCN protein in breast cancer was higher than that in normal mammary tissue, so the difference was significant between them (P───在乳腺癌間質(zhì)DCN蛋白表達較相對正常乳腺組織增高,差異具有非常顯著性(P

33 、The Duke team discovered that highly malignant cells are equal parts epithelial and mesenchymal, transitioning between the two as their surroundings necessitate.───杜克大學(xué)的研究團隊發(fā)現(xiàn)高度惡性的癌細胞中上皮性和間充質(zhì)性細胞是相等的，可以相互轉(zhuǎn)變以適應(yīng)環(huán)境的需要。

34 、Objective To establish a method culturing metanephric mesenchymal cells(MMCs) primarily derived from metanephric tissue of embryonic rats in vitro.───摘要 目的 建立大鼠后腎間充質(zhì)細胞(MMC)的培養(yǎng)方法，為體外研究腎臟纖維化的發(fā)病機制和防治提供細胞技術(shù)平臺。

35 、Wang X.-S., Zhao Y., Li H.-F., Zhang X.-I., Bo A.-H. Astragalus mongholicus-induced differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.───王新生，趙熒，李海峰，張曉麗，薄愛華黃芪誘導(dǎo)大鼠骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞的分化特點

36 、The cut surface of a schwannoma is similar to that of many mesenchymal neoplasms, with a "fish flesh" soft tan appearance.───聽神經(jīng)瘤(神經(jīng)鞘瘤)切面和許多間葉細胞腫瘤相似，具有魚肉狀、質(zhì)地軟、棕褐色外觀。

37 、When the splicing process proceeds one way, the cells become mesenchymal.───當(dāng)剪切向著一個方向進行，癌細胞變成間充質(zhì)性；

38 、We herein made a review on the immunosuppressive effect of mesenchymal stem cell and its mechanism.───本文簡要綜述間充質(zhì)干細胞的免疫抑制作用和機理。

39 、The cellular constituents of the microenvironment, also defined as the haemopoietic niche, largely derive from a common progenitor of mesenchymal origin.───微環(huán)境的細胞組成，也被稱為造血壁龕，大部分是間質(zhì)來源的普通祖細胞。

40 、This fits the diagnosis of rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma.───它符合橫紋肌間葉錯構(gòu)瘤的診斷。

41 、Fetal liver mesenchymal cells were obtained from CDl mouse embryo of 14~16dpc.───以14.5d胎齡的CD1小鼠為材料，建立了胎肝細胞分離培養(yǎng)體系。

42 、Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract.───摘要腸胃道基質(zhì)細胞瘤是腸胃道最常見的間葉細胞瘤。

43 、Our previous studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can reduce hepatic fibrosis in rats induced by carbon tetrachloride and dimethylnitrosamine.───我們既往的研究表明，骨髓間質(zhì)干細胞(MSC)可減輕四氯化碳和二甲基亞硝胺誘導(dǎo)的大鼠肝纖維化；

44 、Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder is a rare tumor and constitutes 35% of benign mesenchymal bladder tumors.───摘要膀胱平滑肌瘤是非常罕見的，佔膀胱良性間葉的腫瘤的35%。

45 、Besides, CBM and CBMdisc databases were retrieved by computer for the articles of umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells in bone tissue engineering published between January 1990 and April 2004 with the same key words in Chinese.───同時計算機檢索CBM、CBMdisc數(shù)據(jù)庫1990-01/2004-04臍血間充質(zhì)干細胞和組織工程學(xué)的相關(guān)文獻,限定文章語言種類為中文,檢索詞“臍血/臍帶血、間充質(zhì)干細胞、骨組織工程學(xué)”。

46 、Rabbit bone mesenchymal stem cells （BMSC）were isolated and amplified,then inoculated onto the scaffold.───掃描電鏡觀察，測定支架材料的孔徑、孔隙率以及交通孔情況；

47 、MMP-13,MMP-2,MT-MMP2 were expressed in mesenchymal cells and parts of hepatocytes.───MMP-13、MMP-2、MT-MMP2在間質(zhì)細胞和部分肝細胞表達,MMP-13先維持在一定水平,然后逐漸減弱;

48 、Objective To test the potential of human marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiating into cardiovascular tissue.───摘要目的驗證人骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞(MSC)分化為心血管組織的潛能。

49 、A simple and convenient method to isolate and culture the adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells was successfully established,providing the foundation for the extensive use of ASCs in the field of tissue engineering and clinic.───建立了一種自人體脂肪組織分離,培養(yǎng)ASCs經(jīng)濟簡便的方法,為其能夠作為組織工程理想的種子細胞及廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床提供實驗依據(jù)。

50 、Adenoviral-mediated intracavernosal transfer of therapeutic genes and stem cells thearapy,such as eNOS and RhoA/Rhokinase and mesenchymal stem cell-based cell,were performed.───基因和干細胞(eNOS、RhoA/Rho-kinase與Mesenchymal stem cell-based cell)治療糖尿病性ED取得一些進展。

51 、The lungs of CDH fetuses showed marked hypoplasia in NS group, in contrast to improved mesenchymal differentiation in that of Dex, TET, Dex+TET groups.───在Dex組、TET組和T+D組,肺組織處于原始肺泡期或進一步成熟。

52 、Vimentin, one type of intermediate filaments, mainly exists in mesenchymal cells and is closely related to gliosis and glial scar recovery after brain injury.───摘要波形蛋白是主要存在于間充質(zhì)細胞中的一種中間絲，與腦損傷后的反應(yīng)性膠質(zhì)化和瘢痕修復(fù)密切相關(guān)。

53 、Zhao W.-J., Niu F.-L., Liu S.-R., Liu W. Alcohol-hepatocirrhosis patient serum induces the differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocytes.───曾榮，胡資兵，郭偉韜，林顥，孫欣，吳少科，魏勁松依達拉奉體外定向誘導(dǎo)人間充質(zhì)干細胞向神經(jīng)元樣細胞的分化

54 、They expanded the number of mesenchymal stem cells in the laboratory and then used a retroirus ector to insert the gene cytosine deaminase into the cell.───他們在實驗室內(nèi)擴增間充質(zhì)干細胞數(shù)量，然后利用逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒載體將胞嘧啶脫氨酶基因**入細胞基因組中。

55 、But CD99 expression was 95.0%(20/21) in EWS/PNET,71.4%(5/7) in poorly differentiated synovial sarcomas,66.7%(8/9) in rhabdomyosarcomas,75.0%(3/4) in esthesioneuroblastomas and 60%(3/5) in mesenchymal chondrosarcomas,respectively.───CD99在EW S/PNET中**表達率為95.2%(20/21),在分化差的滑膜肉瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、嗅神經(jīng)母細胞瘤和間葉軟骨肉瘤分別為71.4%(5/7)、66.7%(6/9)、75.0%(3/4)和60%(3/5)。

56 、We have previously identified a small population of colony-forming endometrial stromal cells which we hypothesize are mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).───在先前的研究中，作者發(fā)現(xiàn)人的子宮內(nèi)膜中含有具備克隆性生長能力的細胞，推測為間充質(zhì)干細胞。

57 、Pittenger MF,Mackay AM,Beck SC,et al.Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells[J].Science,1999,284:143-147.───傅文玉路艷蒙等.人骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞培養(yǎng)及多能性研究[J].中華血液學(xué)雜志,:.

58 、Phyllodes tumor(PT)of breast is a special kind of breast tumor,composed of both epithelial and mesenchymal components.───乳腺分葉狀肉瘤是一種特殊類型的乳腺腫瘤,由上皮和間質(zhì)成分構(gòu)成。

59 、The adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell could be harvested conveniently with slighter wound, and has a broad prospect in cell therapy and tissue engineering.───并且，脂肪源性間充質(zhì)干細胞具有易獲得、創(chuàng)傷小等特點，在細胞治療及組織工程方面具有廣泛應(yīng)用前景。

60 、Yao T, He GX, Zhang H, Zhang XL, Hu SS.Safety of intra-coronary artery injection of in vitro cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.───關(guān)鍵詞：骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞；

61 、The uteroscope enters the womb from the vagina, after mesenchymal tube intubation the high-pressure waterflood, may flush the adhesion the oviduct.───宮腔鏡從**進入子宮，經(jīng)間質(zhì)管**管后高壓注水，可沖開粘連的輸卵管。

62 、At the bottom is a focus of cartilage.Above this is a primitive mesenchymal stroma and to the left a focus of primitive cells most characteristic for embryonal carcinoma.───圖下部是軟骨，其上是由間葉細胞組成的原始間質(zhì)，左側(cè)是胚胎癌最有特點的原始細胞。

63 、Another part of the mesenchymal protein, which contains water-soluble collagen and elastin, as well as a small amount of gelatin, and the remaining non-protein ammonia.───另一部分是間質(zhì)蛋白，其中含有溶于水的膠原蛋白和彈性蛋白，此外還有少量的明膠，其余為非蛋白氨。

64 、AIM: To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells on renal tubule cells treated by cisplatin.───摘要目的：觀察骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞對順鉑所致的腎小管上皮細胞損傷影響并探討其機制。

65 、The diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with primary small intestinal mesenchymal tumors.───原發(fā)性小腸非上皮性腫瘤的診斷和治療。

66 、During the development of MDR, epithelial to mesenchymal transition induced by Twist may be related to the enhanced invasion and metastatic potential of multidrug resistant breast cancer cells MCF-7/ADR.───在多藥耐藥乳腺癌細胞MCF-7/ADR中,其侵襲力增強可能與Twist介導(dǎo)的EMT發(fā)生有關(guān)。

67 、Mesenchymal stem cells are commonly harvested from bone marrow.A few studies are on umbilical cord blood-mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs).───治療所使用的間充質(zhì)干細胞基本上都來源于骨髓，使用臍血間充質(zhì)干細胞的研究報道較少。

68 、And I think in the short term clinical trials would properly be done with mesenchymal stem cells delivered intravenously.───我認為，從短期來講，對于靜脈輸注間充質(zhì)干細胞開展臨床試驗是沒有問題的。

69 、"Preliminary experiments in our laboratory suggest an exciting possibility -- that stem cells from hair follicles may be similar to bone-marrow mesenchymal cells," Andreadis said.───另外，因為平滑肌細胞存在于包括膀胱、腹腔、腸胃和呼吸道等眾多的組織和器官中，所以，這個新的易獲得的干細胞源也將有助于對這些器官損害的再生治療。

70 、Microscopic examination and immunohistochemical studies confirmed the diagnosis of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.───顯微鏡及免疫組織化學(xué)染色法檢查確定診斷為間葉軟骨肉瘤。

71 、A homeobox gene called Barx1, for example, is switched on, or expressed, by mesenchymal cells in the positions where molar teeth will grow.───例如，在會長出臼齒的地方，間質(zhì)細胞會讓一種叫Barx1的同源匣基因開始表現(xiàn)。

72 、Abstract: Mesenchymal stem cell is multipotent stem cell,which can differentiate into a variety of organizations under certain conditions.───摘要： 骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞是一種多能干細胞，在一定條件下具有分化為各種組織的能力。

73 、Study Design.An animal study to achieve posterolateral intertransverse process spine fusion using mesenchymal stem cell (MSC).Objective.───摘要：研究設(shè)計，在動物體上行腰椎后路融合術(shù)，術(shù)中使用骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞。

74 、Abstract: Umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell is a kind of multipotent abult stem cell.It has the potential of differentiating into nerve-like cell.───摘 要: 臍血間充質(zhì)干細胞是從臍帶血中分離和培養(yǎng)的一種多潛能成體干細胞，具有向神經(jīng)細胞分化的潛能。

75 、CD44 is a trans-membrane glycoprotein widely expressed on many kinds of cell from epithelial,mesenchymal,hematopoietic and mesodermal tissues.───CD44是屬于黏附因子家族的跨膜糖蛋白。它廣泛表達于多種內(nèi)皮細胞、間充質(zhì)細胞、造血干細胞及中胚層來源的細胞和組織。

76 、Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, et al.Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells[J].───王運濤.骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞成骨分化調(diào)控的研究進展[J].國外醫(yī)學(xué)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程分冊,2003;

77 、Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of using autogenous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) as seed cells in meniscus tissue-engineering.───摘要目的：評價兔自體骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞作為半月板組織工程重建中種子細胞的可能性。

78 、Jiao Q, Wei XC, Yang ZQ, et al.Chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro.Orthop J Chin, 2004,12:1682-1685.───[6]焦強,衛(wèi)小春,楊自權(quán),等.人骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞向軟骨細胞定向分化的研究.中國矯形外科雜志,2004,12:1682-1685.

79 、Liposuction could also be used to isolate mesenchymal stem cells can also be gathered and isolated through liposuction, and the cells frozen in liquid nitrogen for future therapeutic use.───吸脂法也可以用于分離間充質(zhì)干細胞，間充質(zhì)干細胞保存于液氮中備用。

80 、Pittenger MF,Mackay AM,Beck SC,et al.Multilineage pontential adult human mesenchymal stem cells.Science,1999;284(5411):143.───楊莉,王冬梅,洪欣.成人骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞體外擴增和定向誘導(dǎo)分化為骨和軟骨細胞的研究.自然科學(xué)進展,2001;10(11):1062.

關(guān)節(jié)的解剖與生理結(jié)構(gòu)

本章第一部分為健康人膝蓋的三平面MRI圖像。

最為人體最大也是最復(fù)雜的關(guān)節(jié)，膝關(guān)節(jié)包含：大腿骨或叫股骨（Fumer）與小腿的脛骨（Tibia）和腓骨（Fibula），以及膝蓋骨即髕骨（Patella）。在股骨和脛骨之間有兩個大的軟骨盤，即內(nèi)側(cè)半月板（Medial meniscus）和外側(cè)半月板（Lateral meniscus）。股骨前下段有槽適合安放髕骨這三塊骨被軟骨包圍，同時受到關(guān)節(jié)囊（joint capsule）中韌帶（ligament）的支撐。

膝關(guān)節(jié)事實上包含三個關(guān)節(jié)：

骨分為密質(zhì)骨（Campact one）以及多孔（cancellous）或松質(zhì)（trabecular）骨。密質(zhì)骨（Cortex）由致密的骨組織構(gòu)成。其形成了骨的外殼和桿狀（shaft-like）的骨干（diaphysis）。與此相反，松質(zhì)骨因包含稱為骨小梁孔隙（trabeculae spanning pore）的骨骨針而相對疏松多孔。疏松骨常見于骨端（epiphysis），即長骨的終點部分。

骨周圍的其他組織包括：骨膜（periosteum）、骨內(nèi)膜（endosteum）、血管（blood vessel)、神經(jīng)（nerve）以及骨髓（bone marrow）。骨膜是圍繞著骨表面的一層纖維組織，其中包括纖維母細胞（fibroblast）、膠原質(zhì)（collgen）、神經(jīng)以及一些骨原細胞（osteoprogenitor）。這些骨原細胞可以分化（fifferentiate）為成骨細胞（osteoblast）并在骨折愈合（fracture healing）中起重要作用。骨內(nèi)膜同樣是一層纖維組織，其圍繞著骨的內(nèi)表面，其中包括骨密質(zhì)的內(nèi)表面以及骨小梁的表面。骨內(nèi)膜的構(gòu)成與骨膜相似，但骨內(nèi)膜通常更薄一些。骨內(nèi)膜中的骨原細胞對骨的重構(gòu)有作用，具體將在后面討論。骨髓組織充滿松質(zhì)骨的的孔隙。骨髓由脂肪細胞（adipocyte）和造血干細胞（hematopoietic stem cell）以及間充質(zhì)干細胞（mesenchymal stem cell）組成。造血干細胞是一種前體細胞，能夠分化產(chǎn)生白血球（leukocyte）、紅細胞（erythrocyte）、血小板（platelet）以及骨細胞。間充質(zhì)干細胞同樣存在于骨髓中，附著在松質(zhì)骨的表面。這些細胞可以分化產(chǎn)生軟骨細胞（chondrocyte）、肌細胞（myocyte）、脂肪細胞以及骨細胞。

膝蓋包括股骨（femur）的末端（distal），脛骨（tibia）的近端（proximal）以及膝蓋骨。股骨的末端包括兩個髁（condyle），這兩個髁和脛骨的近端鏈接在一起。骨節(jié)的前部比后部更平（flat），這一區(qū)域主要作為骨節(jié)的承重區(qū)域。前髁被稱為滑車（trochlea）或髕骨槽（patellofemoral groove）的槽（grove）隔開。后部的髁被髁間窩（intercondylar notch）分隔開。后髁間區(qū)域為前后十字韌帶（cruciate ligament）提供附著點。

脛骨的近端也由兩個髁構(gòu)成，這兩個髁也稱為脛骨平臺（plateaus）。這兩個髁與股骨髁相連接。內(nèi)側(cè)的平臺比外側(cè)稍大稍平。髁間區(qū)域為內(nèi)、外半月板（meniscus）和前后十字韌帶提供附著位置。脛骨粗?。╰ibial tuberosity）同樣位于兩個脛骨平臺之間，脛骨的前表面。脛骨粗隆為髕韌帶（patellar tendon）提供附著點。

膝蓋骨是一塊形近三角形的籽骨（sesemoid bone）。其近端邊界比遠端邊界寬，從而為股四頭肌肌腱（quadriceps femoris tendon）提供更寬的接觸面。較窄的遠端邊界則為髕韌帶提供附著點。髕骨后側(cè)有內(nèi)、外兩個面，分別連接股骨的內(nèi)、外兩個髁。內(nèi)側(cè)面比外側(cè)面大。

人體中發(fā)現(xiàn)的軟骨有三種不同的形式：透明軟骨（hyaline cartilage）、彈性軟骨（elastic cartilage）以及纖維軟骨（fibrocartilage）。透明軟骨是最常見的軟骨，廣泛存在于關(guān)節(jié)表面、鼻部、喉部（laynx）、氣管（trachea）以及細支氣管（bronchi）。纖維軟骨是一種致密的、纖維化的軟骨，具有很強的抗拉伸能力，是椎間盤（intervertebral disc）、膝半月板（menisci of the knee）、胸鎖關(guān)節(jié)（sternoclavicular joint）、下頜關(guān)節(jié)（mandibular joint）、恥骨聯(lián)合（pubic symphysis）以及腱附著端（tendon insertion）的重要組成部分。彈性軟骨，如其名所示，是最靈活的軟骨形式，其在外耳（external ear）、會厭（epiglottis）以及喉部的組成中起重要作用。

這三種軟骨共享一種由軟骨細胞（chondrocyte）和細胞外間質(zhì)（extracellular matrix）構(gòu)成的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，但三種軟骨的細胞外間質(zhì)成分不同。軟骨細胞，軟骨的基元，產(chǎn)生和維護細胞外間質(zhì)。透明軟骨中的ECM由透明質(zhì)酸（hyaluronic acid）、蛋白聚糖（proteoglycan）、二型膠原（type 2 collagen）和水構(gòu)成。纖維軟骨的ECM更加致密、纖維化程度更高，其原因在于其中含有較多的一型膠原和較少的水以及蛋白聚糖。彈性軟骨中的ECM成分和透明軟骨中的ECM成分相同，但其中含有彈性纖維。

從橫截面看，關(guān)節(jié)軟骨可以分成四個部分（基于距表面的距離）。第一區(qū)（也稱切向?qū)樱╰angential zone）主要包含膠原纖維（collagen fiber），其方向與關(guān)節(jié)表面平行。這一層承受張力，并抵御其他層的膨脹。第二層稱為過渡層（transitional zone），過渡層中的膠原纖維方向是隨機的。第三層的特點是其中的膠原纖維放射狀地從最底層指向表層。最后，第四層主要是鈣化的軟骨，主要其連接軟骨和軟骨下骨。

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