?pontiff

pontiff發(fā)音

['pɔntif]

英：　　美：

pontiff中文意思翻譯

n.羅馬教宗, 主教, 祭司長

pontiff詞形變化

名詞復數(shù): pontifices |

pontiff常見例句

1 、He was the first non-Italian pontiff after 455 years, and the first Polish one.His 26-year reign was the third-longest pontificate.───他是455年來第一位非意大利籍主教， 也是第一位擔任該職位的波蘭人，而他26年的統(tǒng)治也是歷史上第三長的主教任期。

2 、Emperor, Caliph, Pontiff, Pope Empire, Caliphate, Pontificate,───皇（教皇、哈里發(fā)）皇國（教皇國、哈里發(fā)國）

3 、After entering the open “popemobile”,the pontiff was riding around the colonnade.───進入敞蓬的“教皇之車”后，主教環(huán)柱廊而行。

4 、But the Vatican says the pope's views were distorted and taken out of historic context and that his speech will still be sent to the university even though the pontiff will not deliver it.───但是梵蒂岡的發(fā)言人宣稱，教皇的觀點受到了曲解，并被斷章取義。將由其他人替代教皇進行演講?！翱赡苁菧惽珊雎粤四承┦拢辫蟮賹槿耸繉γ缆?lián)社說。

5 、The Pontiff challenged the Socialist government's reforms, including gay marriage.───教宗質(zhì)疑社會黨人政府改革，包括同性戀婚姻。

6 、The vestments and insignia of a pontiff or a bishop.───主教的祭服，主教的徽章教皇或主教的法衣或徽章

7 、The pontiff says it is difficult for him to understand how priests could betray their mission to children.───教皇說，他很難理解神父怎么能夠背叛他們對兒童的使命。

8 、Pope Benedict XVI made the final stop of his trip to France, visiting the pilgrimage city of Lourdes. In his homily the Pontiff focused on the ills of modern materialism .───教皇B十六世到達了他法國行程的最后一站---拜訪圣城洛德斯。在他的布道中，他集中抨擊了現(xiàn)代唯物主義的弊端。

9 、Thousands cheered and waved as the pontiff entered in his popemobile.───當教皇坐駕抵臨時，數(shù)以萬計的人振臂歡呼。

10 、The pontiff's eco-friendly message says natural resources like water need to be preserved and shared to avoid conflict.───教皇在這段關于善待環(huán)境的信息中指出,人們應該節(jié)約并共享水資源等自然資源,以避免由爭奪資源引起的沖突.

11 、In the message, a beautiful young woman asked the Pontiff to perform a secret marriage.───在這條消息里，一位年輕貌美的女子請求大祭司去主持一場秘密婚禮。

12 、The pontiff noted that America has been generous in helping to meet the world's humanitarian needs, and said diplomacy is the solution to solving disagreements.───教皇指出，美國很慷慨地幫助實現(xiàn)世界人道主義需求。教皇還說，外交是解決分歧的辦法。

13 、During an audience for the general chapter of the Franciscan order in 1909, the pontiff appeared to enter a trance.───在1909年的接近圣方濟各修會成員期間，這位教宗明顯是進入了一種出神狀態(tài)。

14 、1.Pope Benedict was at Yankee Stadium leading the final Mass in his six-day visit to America.Thousands cheered and waved as the pontiff entered in his popemobile.───本尼特教皇在楊基隊主場舉行了其為期六天美國之行的最后一次集會，當其乘坐坐駕入內(nèi)時，成千上萬的人歡呼雀躍！

15 、Pontiff visited Canada, E-SUN metal detector used to ensured secutiry at echibition place.───羅馬教皇訪問加拿大，東方企業(yè)集團金屬探測器產(chǎn)品在安檢中使用。

16 、Viborg citizen didn't like Flank,Nikulas,some people wrote letters to pontiff,they said he is a wizard and rascal.They wanted to expel him .───維堡市民不喜歡尼古拉斯.弗蘭肯，有些人給主教寫信說弗蘭肯是個巫師，是個壞蛋，他們想把他趕出維堡市。

17 、She says the late Pontiff cured her Parkinson's disease.───她表示這位已故的主教治愈了她的帕金森氏癥。

18 、It will mark his first visit to the US as pontiff.───這將是他任職教皇以來首次訪問美國。

19 、The 82-year-old pontiff made the comments in his weekly appearance in St.───這位82高齡的教皇是在出席每周一次的圣彼得廣場見面會時說這番話的。

20 、The 82-year-old pontiff made the comments in his weekly appearance in St. Peter's Square, already decked with a towering Christmas tree and parts of the creche, the traditional scene depicting Christ's birth in a manger.───這位82高齡的教皇是在出席每周一次的圣彼得廣場見面會時說這番話的。 廣場已經(jīng)裝飾了高大的圣誕樹，部分還布置成了傳說中耶酥基督在馬槽出生時眾人圍繞初生嬰兒的的情景。

21 、The office or term of officeof a pontiff.───教皇的職位或任期。

22 、In his first interview as pontiff, Pope Benedict XVI warned yesterday that Europe was caught up in a crisis of "self-pity" and lacked belief.───就任后第一次受訪，教宗本篤16世在15日提出警告，表示歐洲陷入自憐的危機，并且缺乏信仰的力量。

23 、The pontiff praised America as a land of opportunity and hope.He expressed grief that the nation's promise fell short for blacks and Indians.───主教贊揚美國是希望和機遇的搖籃，但同時表示美國對黑人和印第安人沒有履行承諾，而感到悲傷。

24 、In a statement issued first on his behalf and then twice in person, the pontiff expressed deep regret for the offence that had been taken.───在首先以他的名義，以后兩次又親自發(fā)表的聲明中，教皇對造成的冒犯深表歉意。

25 、His 81st birthday is Wednesday and Saturday will mark the third anniversary of his election as pontiff.───他的81歲生日在周三，周六將會是他當選為天主主教的三周年紀念日。

26 、The pontiff was speaking to pilgrims at his summer palace.───教皇正在其夏宮向朝圣者布教。

27 、The Pontiff also urged dialogue and brotherhood between faiths.───教皇同時希望宗教之間有一個和平對話和兄弟關系。

28 、The pontiff also delivered comments in Spanish, recognizing a growing Catholic population in the United States.───教皇還用西班牙語發(fā)表了演說，認識到在美國天主教徒人數(shù)的增長。

29 、And the Pope faces a major test this week, traveling to his native Germany on his first foreign trip as pontiff for World Youth Day.───教皇于世界青年日到他的故鄉(xiāng)德國旅游，這是他首次以教皇身份到國外旅行，也是他本周面臨的主要考驗。

30 、But they also take the pontiff to task on lots of things.───但是，他們也向教皇提及了許多其他事情。

31 、His 81th birthday is Wednesday and Saturday will mark the third anniversary of his election as pontiff.───星期三是他81歲的生日，星期六是他當選為教皇的三周年紀念日。

32 、Throughout the document, leftish ideas about economics nestle alongside the austere moral reasoning that is a hallmark of the German-born pontiff.───在整份文件中，經(jīng)濟學的左派思想與簡樸的道德推理相依偎，簡樸的道德推理是這個出生于德國的主教的標志特征。

33 、His popemobile passed the cheering crowds and while the Whitehouse ceremony crowded 13,000 people sang Happy birthday to the pontiff.───教皇車從歡呼的人群旁駛過，與此同時，白宮的歡迎儀式上13000人為教皇唱起了生日快樂歌。

34 、The pontiff also delivered comments in Spanish, recognizing a growing Catholic population in the Unites States. More than 550 priests were on hand, who distribute communion to the participants.───教皇用西班牙語承認美國的天主教人口在增加。有550多個祭司當時在那里給神父在分發(fā)圣餐。

35 、A letter from Viborg pontiff on 1560 among them.This pontiff had three to four house property,and he leased a house to a man named Flank,Nikulas.───其中有1560年維堡主教的一些信，這位主教在維堡市有三四處房產(chǎn)，他把其中的一座房子租給了一個叫尼古拉斯.弗蘭肯的人。

36 、He spoke before thousands in Amman international stadium, the pontiff called on Middle East Christians to hold to their faith despite hardships threatening their communities.───在安曼國際體育場，有數(shù)千人參加集會。教皇號召中東基督教信徒不管遇到多么大的困難都要堅持信仰。

37 、Pope John Paul blessed Easter Sunday pilgrims with a sign of the cross. But the ailing pontiff couldn't speak, bringingmany in the crowd to tears.───教皇劃十字送祝福,教眾感動落淚。

38 、At least eight security officers who were trailing the uncovered popemobile as the pontiff passed by grabbed the man and wrestled him to the ground.───當時至少有8名保安尾隨教皇的白色敞篷專車，他們擒住該名男子，并把他按倒在地。

39 、The clip was quickly yanked from YouTube, because the Catholic Archdiocese says the toy pontiff was not wearing authentic attire.───但是這個片斷被迅速的從優(yōu)比網(wǎng)上撤掉了，因為天主教的主教說這個玩具教皇沒有穿真正的教皇衣服。

40 、The pontiffs, the urban cohorts, the lictors' guild.─── 還有大祭司 城市軍團 侍從官

41 、1、This cute little dog is wearing a Pope outfit to celebrate the Pontiff's visit to his native Germany. The costume was designed by owner Hildegard Bergbauer.───一只小狗身穿教皇服裝，以慶祝羅馬教皇訪德。為了慶祝羅馬天主教皇本篤十六世訪問家鄉(xiāng)德國，巴伐利亞州的一位居民給自己的狗狗也設計了一套教皇服裝。

42 、On his arrival the pontiff circled the packed stadium in his pope mobile.───在教皇到達后，他乘坐著汽車圍繞著擁擠的體育場行進。

43 、The pontiff praised America as a land of opportunity and hope.───這是教宗本篤美國朝圣時的首次公開彌撒。

44 、Having the dignity, pomp, or authority of a pontiff or a bishop.───有教皇權威的，有教皇身份的具有一位教皇或一名主教的尊嚴、華貴或權威的

45 、The pontiff brought his message of peace to hallowed ground as the popemobile descended the ramp to the lowest levels of the former World Trade Center site.───在教皇乘坐的專車徐徐駛下斜坡抵達前世貿(mào)中心遺址的最低一層時，教皇給這個神圣的地方帶來了和平的信息。

46 、But Christians have turned out at every stop to celebrate Mass with the pontiff.───但是，基督信徒在每一站的哦舉行隆重的彌撒迎接教皇。

47 、For me, I will learn something useful from "Surrealism".But I will not fall into the pontiff by simple imitation.───對于我來說，我會吸取“超現(xiàn)實主義”中的一些有益因素，但不會落于單純模仿的窠臼之中。

48 、Some of the protesters called for the arrest of the pontiff when he visits the predominantly Muslim country in late November.───一些抗議者呼吁，在教皇11月底訪問穆斯林占人口多數(shù)的土耳其時，將教皇抓起來。

49 、The pontiff says he hopes to alert people to the issue of climate change.───這位羅馬教皇表示他希望他能提醒人們關注氣候變化問題。

50 、From the residence of the nuncio, the Pontiff headed to the White House for an official reception ceremony.───教宗專車途經(jīng)之處，有很多美國居民 夾道歡迎，圣座大使館門外也有不少人預先在向教宗祝賀生日快樂。

51 、At that time, the pontiff, Pope John Paul II may attend the meeting───屆時教宗若望保祿二世或?qū)⒓舆@次會議。

52 、The German-born pontiff said that his visit aimed at "dialogue, brotherhood, a commitment for understanding between cultures, between religions, for reconciliation."───這位德國出生的羅馬教皇說他此次拜訪的目的是“對話，手足情誼，不同文化與宗教間相互理解、相互包容的義務?！?/p>

53 、During his trip to the United States Pope Benedict will mark two personal milestones.His 81st birthday is Wednesday and Saturday will mark the third anniversary of his election as pontiff.───在他訪問美國的旅途中,教皇B.也將完成他個人的兩個里程碑.周三是他的81歲生日周六則是他當選羅馬教皇的第三個紀念日.

54 、On his arrival, the pontiff circled the parked stadium in his pope mobile.───當他到達的時候，這位教皇坐在教皇專車里環(huán)繞體育場。

55 、In his homily the Pontiff focused on the ills of modern materialism .───在布道中，教皇主要抨擊了現(xiàn)代物質(zhì)主義的種種弊病。

56 、The pontiff also made ecific mention of conflicts in Sri Lanka and in Sudan's Darfur region.───教宗特別提到斯里蘭卡和蘇丹達爾富爾地區(qū)的沖突。

57 、supreme pontiff───n. 羅馬教宗

58 、The world needs to feel some tenderness toward our current pontiff.─── 世界需要感受一下 我們現(xiàn)任教宗親和的一面

59 、The office or term of office of a pontiff.───教皇的職位或任期

60 、As Pope Benedict XVI thanks journalists, the Vatican prepares for the open-air mass in St. Peter's Square that will formally install him as pontiff.───在羅馬教皇致詞感謝新聞界時，梵蒂岡正在為其在圣彼得廣場的露天彌撒做準備，以使他正式就任羅馬教皇。

61 、It's thought to be the first time the Pontiff has specifically apologized for the alleged offences.───這被認為是天主教皇第一次特意為被指責的罪行道歉。

62 、It was unclear whether the Pontiff's words would end the backlash.───究竟教皇的話能不能結束這種激烈反應尚不明確。

63 、Pope Benedict swapped out his gold-coloured robes for a long-white apron.The Pontiff performed a feet-washing ceremony at St.John Lateran Basilica in Rome.───教皇本篤十六今日解下金色長袍，換上白色圍裙，在羅馬圣約翰大教堂為信徒舉行了濯足儀式。

64 、On his arrival, the pontiff circled the packed stadium in his popemobile.───他到來了之后，教皇用他的專用公眾**對著充滿人的體育館。

65 、The letter challenges the pontiff to engage in the thing he says he wants most: a robust, courteous exchange about faith and reason.───信件向教皇發(fā)出挑戰(zhàn)，要求教皇參加他曾言及的他所最希望看到的事情：一場有關信仰和理性的生動而禮貌的交流。

66 、On his arrival, the pontiff circled the park packed stadium in his popemobile.───教皇到達后，乘坐其座駕環(huán)繞滿是人群的體育場。

67 、The pontiff's critics grumbled that he had not really apologised.───教皇的批評者們指出，教皇并沒有真正道歉。

68 、On his arrival, the pontiff circled the packed stadium in his pope mobile.───當羅馬教皇到來的時候，他乘坐他的專車環(huán)繞擁擠的運動場一圈。

69 、You must do something very important for the eminency of your pontiff.─── 你一定要做一些非常重要的事 為了讓你的教皇手握籌碼

70 、The ailing pontiff did however appear before the crowd in St. Peter's Square attempting to speak, but opting instead to bless pilgrims silently.───朝圣者。我們再來聽第二個播音員說的什么,他說教皇雖然身體欠佳,但還是出現(xiàn)在人群面前,他曾試圖講話,但后來還是默默地向信中祝福。

71 、The 82-year-old pontiff was standing on a trolley when he was pushed into the basilica. He then sat near the altar to conduct the consecration───現(xiàn)年八十二歲的教宗是站在推車上被推入教堂內(nèi)，然后坐在圣壇一旁主持祝圣儀式。

72 、He looked tired. However, he was happy to serve the city of Krakow again. He was the local archbishop before he succeeded the office of pontiff in 1978.───他看來疲倦，但很高興能再次巡牧克拉科市，因為他在一九七八年繼任教宗之前，曾擔任當?shù)氐拇笾鹘獭?/p>

73 、The pontiff wiped sweat from his brow with a handkerchief on a day when health workers treated several hundred of those in attendance for heat stroke.───星期天羅安達當?shù)靥鞖庋谉?，教皇本篤用方巾擦去額頭上的汗水，會場里也有幾百人中暑，他們接受了醫(yī)務工作者的治療。

74 、the Sovereign Pontiff───羅馬教皇

75 、The Pontiff is scheduled to arrive Tuesday for his first trip as Pope to the US.───按計劃教皇將于星期二到達美國，這是他作為教皇首次赴美。

76 、But the pontiff says that promise was not fulfilled for all in America.───但是教皇說，并不是所有美國人都實現(xiàn)了自己的愿望。

77 、And this is the first time that such a thing has happened, a pontiff agreeing to a live, freeranging interview.─── 而且這是史上頭一次 教宗答應直播采訪 且內(nèi)容不受限制

78 、His background as a conscript in the Hitler Youth and German army in World War II demanded something more personal and contrite from this particular pontiff.───他在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時作為希特拉青年及德國軍的徵兵這個背景，令人期待這個教皇會發(fā)表更個人化及更有悔意的感受。

79 、The 82-year-old pontiff made the comments in his weekly appearance in St. Peter's Square,already decked with a towering Christmas tree and parts of the creche,the traditional scene depicting Christ's birth in a manger.───這位82高齡的教皇是在出席每周一次的圣彼得廣場見面會時說這番話的。廣場已經(jīng)裝飾了高大的圣誕樹，部分還布置成了傳說中耶酥基督在馬槽出生時眾人圍繞初生嬰兒的的情景。

80 、It's considered an honor to meet the pontiff.─── 謁見教宗對他們來說是榮耀

81 、The Pontiff performed a feet-washing ceremony at St.John Lateran Basilica in Rome.───羅馬教皇在羅馬圣約翰拉特蘭教堂舉行一個加冕儀式。

平安夜英語讀法平安夜英語口語

平安夜英語讀法，平安夜英語口語很多人還不知道，現(xiàn)在讓我們一起來看看吧！

平安夜的英文釋義： Christmas Eve

平安夜的英文例句：

昨天，平安夜，和小喬去了南京路。

Yesterday, the Christmas Eve, Xiaoqiao and I went to the Nanjing Road.

平安夜的時候一起去唱圣誕頌歌吧!

Let's go and sing Christmas carols on Christmas Eve!

在平安夜祝福你!

Bless you in the Christmas Eve!

在波蘭，平安夜是首先要禁食的一天，然后是盛宴。

In Poland , Christmas Eve is a day first of fasting, then of feasting.

平安夜蘋果“著裝”悄然傳遞“平安”祝福圣誕節(jié) 的前一天，被稱為平安夜。

Eve approaching Apple "dress code" quietly passed "Green" BlessingThe day before Christmas is called Christmas Eve.

今年是《平安夜》誕生192周年，今年的“平安夜”吟唱儀式還將于下午舉行。

This year, 192 years after the first performance, the Silent Night ceremony will again be held in the afternoon.

今年是《平安夜》誕生190周年，今年的“平安夜”吟唱儀式還將于下午舉行，同時在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上直播。

This year, 190 years after the first performance, the Silent Night ceremony will again be held in the afternoon, and broadcast live on the Internet.

平安夜還沒到，一種叫做“平安果”的禮物，開始在人們手中悄然傳遞。

Christmas Eve has not arrived yet, called "Green effect" of the gift and began to pass quietly in people's hands.

在日本，平安夜和情人節(jié)有著近乎相同的意義，年輕夫婦和情侶們會在這一天盡情享受二人世界的浪漫。

In Japan, Christmas Eve has taken on a meaning similar to Valentine's Day, being the time for romance among young couples.

在慶祝耶穌誕生的活動時，通常大多數(shù)羅馬天主教徒在平安夜都不吃肉。

In celebration of the birth of baby Jesus, many Roman Catholics do not eat meaton Christmas Eve.

每年平安夜的時候，耶魯大學預防研究中心主任，醫(yī)學博士大衛(wèi)卡茲都會和家人一起烹飪外國食品。

Each Christmas Eve, David Katz, MD, MPH, director of the Yale UniversityPrevention Research Center, and his family prepare cuisine from a different country.

一個風雪交加的平安夜，他的妻子帶著孩子們要去參加所在農(nóng)場社區(qū)的平安夜的活動，妻子如同往年一樣，要他一道前往，他拒絕了。

One snowy Christmas Eve, his wife was taking their children to a Christmas Eveservice in the farm community in which they lived. She asked him, as always to come, but he refused.

就在幾乎垮了的時候，我們在圣誕節(jié)平安夜趕到了商業(yè)城鎮(zhèn)南哨鎮(zhèn)——離目的地若是走大路還有45公里，走當年紅軍走過的山路是30公里。

Almost broken, we reached the market town of Nanshao late on Chr

ristmas Eve -45 kilometers to go on the main road, 30 on the Red Army trail over themountains.

布拉德利眼含淚水望著媽媽：“但是爸爸答應過的，已經(jīng)是平安夜了，他應到家了!”

Bradley looked at his mom with tears in his eyes. "But Dad promised and it'sChristmas Eve.

平安夜圖書專欄不能不提及長久以來為人們所喜愛、現(xiàn)在依然非常應景的圣誕節(jié)主題圖書。

No Christmas Eve column about books would be complete without mentioningsome longtime Christmas favorites that are still relevant.

如果所有這一切都未能在從平安夜開始的10個交易日內(nèi)提振股市，那么就意味著有什么出了問題。

If all this doesn't boost stocks over the 10-day period starting around ChristmasEve, it is a sign that something is wrong.

她曾于2008年平安夜試圖靠近教宗，但被逮捕。梵蒂岡發(fā)言人費德里科·隆巴迪神甫如是說。

She had tried to get to the pontiff on Christmas Eve in 2008, but was detained,Vatican spokesman the Rev. Federico Lombardi said.

一些地區(qū)氣溫回升令情況有所緩和，平安夜有人開始上路，但幾起交通事故導致主要線路堵塞。

A rise in temperatures in some areas saw conditions ease as people hit the roadson Christmas Eve, but several accidents caused delays on main routes.

備受關注的這10個交易始于今年的平安夜，延續(xù)到明年1月8日。

The much-watched 10-day period begins on Christmas Eve this year andcontinues through Jan. 8.

然而在1914年平安夜，在弗蘭德省的戰(zhàn)場上卻出現(xiàn)過和平。

However, on Christmas Eve 1914 on a field in Flanders, there was Peace on Earth.

每年圣誕節(jié)，都會有大批游客(很多來自亞洲)來到歐本朵夫村莊，參加在教堂前舉行的平安夜吟唱儀式。

Everyyear, thousands of tourists, many from Asia, travel to the little village to take part in a Christmas Eve ceremony in front of the small chapel.

這些劫匪身穿帶有紐約警察局標志的防彈背心，在平安夜洗劫了卡波維奇夫婦的家。

The robbers wore bulletproof vests bearing the New York Police Department logoand ransacked the Kapovics' home on Christmas Eve.

在日本，平安夜和情人節(jié)有著近乎相同的'意義，年輕夫婦和情侶們會在這一天盡情享受二人世界的浪漫。

In Japan, Christmas Eve has taken on a meaning similar to Valentine's Day, beingthe time for romance among young couples.

稍早前，教宗還在他傳統(tǒng)性的平安夜訓誡中，為世界和平祈福。

Earlier, the Pope prayed for peace as he delivered his traditional Christmas Evehomily.

最后，我把所思所想寫成了一篇題為《辛德瑞拉出問題? 》的文章，發(fā)表在《紐約時代雜志》的平安夜那期上。

I ended up publishing my musings as an article called “What’s Wrong withCinderella?” which ran on Christmas Eve in The New York Times Magazine.

什么?今天是平安夜。

What? But today is Christmas Eve.

這首頌歌的最初版本由約瑟夫•莫爾神父于1816年創(chuàng)作于奧地利，它的首次演出是在1818年的平安夜。

The original version of the carol "Stille Nacht" was written in 1816 in Austria by the priest Father Joseph Mohr. It was first performed on Christmas Eve in 1818.

這只狗出生于2002年的平安夜，它出生的時候只有兩條腿。

This dog was born on Christmas Eve in 2002.He was born with only 2 legs.

去年平安夜，一個男子裝扮成圣誕老人，殺死了他的前妻和她八個親戚后自殺。

On Christmas Eve a man dressed as Father Christmas killed his ex-wife and eightof her relatives before taking his own life.

下面來看看一些比較流行的和普遍平安夜傳統(tǒng)。

Here is a look at some of the more popular and prevalent Christmas Evetraditions.

最后一晚抽名字正是在平安夜的前一晚。

The final night of name picking was also the night before Christmas Eve.

平安夜，杰西夫婦搬至一間小屋，位于俯視圣約瑟夫的一座小山頂。

On Christmas Eve, Jesse and Zee moved their family into a small house atop a high hill overlooking St. Joseph.

不要老想著平安夜獨自看**或假日讀一本1200頁厚的書。

Forget about spending Christmas Eve watching a movie alone or the holiday vacation reading a 1200-page book.

而明天就是平安夜了。

And tomorrow’s Christmas Eve.

急求：請問有誰有關于建筑巴黎圣母院的英文資料

Proceeded by a Gallo-Roman temple to Jupiter, a Christian basilica, and a Romanesque church, construction of Notre-Dame de Paris began in 1163 during the reign of Louis VII. Pope Alexander III laid the foundation stone. The idea to replace the Romanesque church occupying the site - the Cathedral of St. Etienne (founded by Childebert in 528) - was that of Bishop Maurice de Sully (who died in 1196). (Some accounts claim that there were two churches existing on the site, one to the Virgin Mary, the other to St. Stephen.) Construction was completed roughly 200 years later in about 1345.

The choir was completed in 1182; the nave in 1208, and the west front and towers circa 1225-1250. A series of chapels were added to the nave during the period 1235-50, and during 1296-1330 to the apse (Pierre de Chelles and Jean Ravy). The transept crossings were build in 1250-67 by Jean de Chelles and Pierre de Montreuil (also the architect of the Sainte-Chapelle). It was essentially completed according to the original plans.

Detail of Notre Dame from the Ile de la Cité portion of the map of Turgot 1739.

The reigns of Louis XIV (end of the 17th century) and Louis XV saw significant alterations including the destruction of tombs, and stained glass. At the end of the 18th century, during the Revolution, many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. Only the great bells avoided being melted down, and the Cathedral was dedicated first to the cult of Reason, and to the cult of the Supreme being. The church interior was used as a warehouse for the storage of forage and food.

After falling into disrepair, a restoration program overseen by Lassus (died 1857) and Viollet-le-Duc, was carried out in 1845. This program lasted 23 years, and included the construction of the spire (see image) and the sacristy.

During the Commune of 1871, the Cathedral was nearly burned by the Communards - and some accounts suggest that indeed a huge mound of chairs was set on fire in its interior. Whatever happened, the Notre Dame survived the Commune essentially unscathed.

Now in 1991, a 10 year program of general maintenance and restoration has begun, and sections of the structure are likely to be shrouded in scaffolds for the foreseeable future.

During its history, Notre Dame has been the site of numerous official and other ceremonial occasions. These include:

1239; The Crown of Thorns placed in the Cathedral by St. Louis during the construction of Sainte-Chapelle.

1302; Philip the Fair opens the first States General here.

1430; Henri VI of England is crowned here.

Mary Stuart becomes Queen of France after her marriage to François II, and is crowned here.

1572; Marguerite of Valoi is married to the Huguenot Henri of Navarre here.

2 December 1804; After the anointing by Pius VII, Napoléon seizes the crown from the pontiff and crowns first himself, then Josephine.

26 August 1944; The Te Deum Mass celebrates the liberation of Paris. (According to some accounts the Mass was interrupted by snipping from both the internal and external galleries.)

12 November 1970; The Requiem Mass of General de Gaulle is held here.

31 May 1980; After the Magnificat of this day, Pope John Paul II celebrates Mass on the parvis in front of the Cathedral.