?homology

homology發(fā)音

英：[h?'m?l?d??]　　美：[ho?'m?l?d??]

英：　　美：

homology中文意思翻譯

n.同源, 相同, 同系, 異性同體

homology詞形變化

名詞復(fù)數(shù): homologies |

homology常見例句

1 、The CHASE domain family of rice containing five genes, named as OsCRLla, OsCRLlb, OsCRL2, OsCRLB, and OsCRL4 based on the homology with histidine kinase of Zea mays.───對水稻中含有CHASE結(jié)構(gòu)域的蛋白家族進行同源性分析并克隆了OsCRL4基因。

2 、The homology of Giardia canis virus to sequence of L13218(GenBank) was 94.62% in the nucleotide,and 93.50% in the amino acid levels.───其序列與國外報道的人源藍氏賈第蟲病毒(L13218)序列同源性為94.62%,編碼的氨基酸同源性為93.50%;

3 、CDK3 has the high homology with CDC2(CDK1) and CDK2, which has some similar function, but absolutely different.───CDK3與CDC2(CDK1)和CDK2很高的同源性,CDK3與CDK1、CDK2功能有一定的相似,但又截然不同。

4 、Thus similar structures in different organisms may reflect homology (derivation from a common ancestor) or analogy (independent origin of structures used for similar purposes).───不同生物間的相似結(jié)構(gòu)可能說明它們具有同源性。

5 、The whole nucleotide sequence of D2V-HN89 envelope gene was 1? 464bp. Nucleotide and amino acid homology were 95% and 98% respectively between D2V-HN89 and D2V-NGC.───D2V HN89株E基因核苷酸全長 146 4bp ,核苷酸和氨基酸序列與D2V NGC株的同源性分別為 95%和 98%,系統(tǒng)樹分析顯示其與登革 2型牙買加株及登革 2型巴西 90株的親緣關(guān)系最近。

6 、The 10th generation had become cell -adapted strain, the homology of amino acid sequence with European reference IBDV attenuated strain Cu-1 was up to 97%.───10代毒VP2基因與歐洲標準弱毒Cu-1氨基酸序列同源性達97%;

7 、The ORF-1 gene only esisted among PrV and EHV-1 Ab4 strain, that the homolog of the two strain was 35%.───ORF-1基因只存在于PrV和EHV-1 Ab4株中，二者氨基酸同源性為35%。

8 、Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is the endogenous ligand of the opioid receptor-like 1 receptor (NOP), the G-protein coupled receptor which shows overall 60% homology with the classical opioid receptors.───孤啡肽(Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ,N/OFQ)是阿片受體樣受體(Nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor,NOP receptor)的內(nèi)源性配基。

9 、But the comparison amino acid sequence shows that GPV DNA has high homology with the human adeno-associated virus AAV-2 in dependovirus and B19 in erythrovirus.───GPV與依賴病毒屬成員AAV-2及紅病毒屬成員人細小病毒B19的進化關(guān)系較近。

10 、Proteins 1: 3D Structural Genomics, Homology, Catalytic and Regulatory Dynamics, Function &Drug Design.───7蛋白質(zhì)1：三度空間結(jié)構(gòu)基因體學(xué)、同源相似性、催化與調(diào)節(jié)的動力學(xué)、功能與藥物設(shè)計。

11 、Furthermore, The HA of GD3 had the homology of 99.2% with CDI, 98.6% with HK156, and 98.1% with HK258 at amino acid level.───GD3與GD1、HK156和HK258核苷酸同源率分別為99.4%、98.6%和98.3%，其受體結(jié)合位點和裂解位點的核苷酸與氨基酸組成完全一致。

12 、Comparative analysis of the weighting function proves the homology and unitarity between the common frequency three-point method and the proposed method.───利用權(quán)函數(shù)對比分析，證明了二次相移三點法與先行分離形狀誤差的直線頻域三點法在本質(zhì)上的同源性和統(tǒng)一性。

13 、Homology among cyclins is often limited to a relatively conserved domain of about 100 amino acids, the cyclin box, which is responsible for CDK binding and activation.───同種屬的cyclin通常有大約100個氨基酸的相對保守序列，這個序列在與CDK結(jié)合和CDK活化中起作用。

14 、Some acquaintance with manifolds, simplicial complexes, singular homology and cohomology, and homotopy groups is helpful, but not really necessary.───再比如漁人從桃花源出來的時候，桃花源的人送給他一包禮物里面有種子和一只撥浪鼓。

15 、The homology of the obtained sequence from sample two and partial mitochrondrial DNA 12S rRNA gene of Ovis ammon was as high as 98%.───2號樣的序列與盤羊的線粒體DNA的12S rRNA基因序列的部分片段的同源性高達98%。

16 、confirms homologous but possibly mutated mammalian physiology.─── 確是同種類的 不過可能是突變后的動物

17 、Homotopy localization and homology localization,Chinese Science Bull.,37(1992),1584.───同倫局部化和同調(diào)局部化，科學(xué)通報，37(1992),90.

18 、The nucleotide homology of SZ T1and SZT2 reached respectively 98.9% (3/272) and 96.7% (9/272) as against TTV-N22 of Japan,and the homology of SZT3 and SZT4 reached 67.3% (89/272) and 86.0% (38/272).───兩者有非常顯著性差異(P

19 、Because of the homology of creative and content industries, rivalry has entered an era where investment is based on eyeballs and attention.───與創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)與內(nèi)容產(chǎn)業(yè)相對應(yīng)，當代世界進入了一個眼球經(jīng)濟與注意力經(jīng)濟的時代。

20 、These two evidences both contributed to the homology of some proteins in Paramecium to the intermediate filament proteins in higher organisms.───以上實驗初步表明,草履蟲細胞內(nèi)存在高等生物中間纖維蛋白的同源蛋白。

21 、This paper defines homology monomorphism,homology epimorphism,homology regular morphism in the category of topological spaces with point by using homology functor.───利用同調(diào)函子,在點標拓撲空間范疇中定義了同調(diào)單態(tài)、同調(diào)滿態(tài)、同調(diào)正則態(tài)射等概念。

22 、The ABRA genes of isolate FCC1/HN and other isolates share quite high homology.───FCC1/HN株與其它分離株ABRA基因有很高的同源性。

23 、Functional genomics uses as its starting point the isolated gene whose function is to be determined, and then selects a model organism in which a homolog of that gene exists.───功能基因組用功能不明的分離基因作為起始點，然后選擇具有該同源基因的生物模型。

24 、Foreword:The research result proof that is recently, have no complete same alike of two things, a homology for can in the aspects of aly expressing.───前言：近來的研究成果證明，沒有完全相同的兩個事物，只能在一個方面表現(xiàn)的相同。

25 、But because there is chicken growth hormone in chicken body,which has 70% homology with hGH, ground error will happen sometimes.───但是由于我們整個體系的報告基因都采用人生長激素，而雞體內(nèi)也含有雞生長激素，而且二者具有一定的同源性，所以在檢測表達產(chǎn)物的過程中可能會造成背景誤差。

26 、It shares 100% homology with the porcine IGF I gene reported by Muller M and Brem G.───與 Gen Bank中的序列比較 ,本研究所得序列與 Muller M和 Brem G所報道的豬 IGF- I基因編碼區(qū)序列完全一致。

27 、The cadherinrepeated domains of Bt- R3 protein share high homology with the cadherin domains from African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) and E-cadherin (epithelial) from mouse (Mus musculus).───Bt-R3受體蛋白的鈣粘蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域分別與非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)的鈣粘蛋白胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域和小鼠(Mus musculus)的上皮鈣粘蛋白胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域有很高的同源性。

28 、The s271 homolog isolated was a partial cDNA sequence and also encoded a polypeptide homologous to an Arabidopsis protein.───5271的同源序列的編碼區(qū)不完整，所編碼的多膚與擬南芥一個未知蛋白同源.

29 、He said that there have long been suspicions of a shared evolutionary basis for laughter, in a concept researchers call homology.───他說，已有很多關(guān)于“笑是基于共有進化基礎(chǔ)”的假說，來自一個被稱作“同源性”的研究概念。

30 、The sequence homology regions were in accordance with the antigenic determinants of histones predicted by Pollard (1990,Autoimmunity).───同源性區(qū)域與Pollard所預(yù)測的組蛋白抗原決定簇相一致（Pollard，1990，Autoimmunity）。

31 、The people often impute to this some questions in the globalization and thought it makes the architecture tend to homology;the multiplicity vanishes in its form.───人們往往把這其中一些問題歸罪于全球化,認為它造成建筑趨同、多樣性消失。

32 、One of the fragments(X-1) was completely homology with the section series of the eight chromosome long arm. There was a zine finger protein in the upper stream and the down stream.───其中有 1個片段 (X 1)與第 8號染色體的長臂的一段序列完全同源 ,其上游與下游存在鋅指蛋白基因。

33 、The sequence homology of our hALR compared witti rat ALR and humanALR recently reported were 86.5% and 99.2%, respectively.───與大鼠ALR和最近報道的人ALR序列比較同源性分別為86、5%和99.2%。

34 、CHS-A gene was cloned from Petunia hybrida, which has 99% sequence homology with that has been cloned abroad.───從矮牽牛(Petunia hybrida)花瓣的cDNA中克隆到了CHS-A基因,進行了全序列分析,并與國外已報道的CHS-A序列進行了同源性比較。

35 、Moreover, species with near homology relationship on evolution share the near codon usage frequency and preference index or the similar index.───在同源性方面，在進化上比較接近的物種，基因的密碼子使用頻率和使用偏性指標比較接近或基本相同。

36 、Especially, Yamagata lineages viruses were more frequently, our Ningbo 2005 isolates differed by 7 amino acids from Shanghai/01/2000, the homology were 97.6%.───2005年分離到的Yamagata系乙型流感與Shanghai/01/2000株相已經(jīng)有7個氨基酸被替代, 它們的同源性只有97.6%.

37 、The three dimensional structure of VL was also modeled by computer homology modeling techniques.───利用同源蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)模建技術(shù),采用計算機輔助分子設(shè)計系統(tǒng)模建VL的三維空間結(jié)構(gòu).

38 、On the basis of homology and phylognetic analysis about 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA), it could be speculated that the strain AB1 is a novel member of the genus Natronococcus.───基于16S rDNA序列的同源性比較及系統(tǒng)發(fā)育學(xué)研究表明，AB1是Natronococcus屬中新成員。

39 、There was high degree of homology in nucleotide sequence between the PCR expandedATCC 10031 acrAB gene sections and the corresponding ones in Escherichia coli.───PCR擴增的 ATCC 10031的 acrAB基因片段同大腸埃希菌acrAB基因相應(yīng)片段,在核苷 序列上具有很高的同源性。

40 、The results of analysis of tandem repeat sequences showed CPV-010 and CPV-21 took the same tandem repeats not only in number but also in location, with a genome homology of 99.33%.───CPV-010與CPV-21的末端重復(fù)序列克隆、測序顯示：CPV-010與CPV-21的末端重復(fù)序列位置和個數(shù)均相同，同源性為99.33%。

41 、Mapping based cloning identified ABO1 gene which encodes a homolog of animal IKAP (IkB Kinase-Associated Protein) protein.───利用圖位克隆鑒定出ABO1基因編碼一個動物IKAP(IkB Kinas-Associated Protein)的同系物蛋白。

42 、Expression of the immunosuppressive protein B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1), also known as programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), is increased in many pathological conditions, including cancer.───免疫抑制蛋白B7同系物1(B7-H1)，亦稱程序性死亡配體1(PD-L1)在包括癌癥等許多病變中表達增高。

43 、FCC1/HN isolate exhibited 98 8%, 92 2% and 98 7% homology in amino acids with isolates VN, IMTM22, and Itg2, respectively.───FCC1/HN 株HRPII與VN 株、IMTM22 株和Itg2 株間氨基酸同源性分別為98.8% 、92.2% 和98.7% ;

44 、It is a promising approach to biologically control bacterial diseases in plant and animal by manipulating bacterial AHL quorum sensing with AHLs degrading enzyme and AHL homology.───利用AHLs降解酶和AHLs類似物的特性 ,干擾和破壞病原菌的AHLs 群體感應(yīng)機制 ,將為利用現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)防治此類細菌病害開辟了一條全新的途徑

45 、Gene silencing can be divided into two types: position effect and homology dependent gene silencing (HdGS).───基因沉默大體可以分為兩類：位置效應(yīng)引起的基因沉默和同源依賴的基因沉默。

46 、A fragment of 1 011 bp was amplified,and sequence analysis showed it had a 98% homology with Leptospira kirschneri.───PCR擴增出1 011 bp大小的目的片段,序列分析顯示它與Leptospira kirschneri的LipL41基因成熟肽序列同源性高達98%。

47 、We have isolated a novel cDNA from the human fetal brain cDNA library with homology to the Mg2+-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) family.───從本實驗室構(gòu)建的胎腦文庫中得到一條編號為2016e01的cDNA序列，根據(jù)生物信息學(xué)分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)其與鎂離子依賴的絲/蘇氨酸蛋白**酸酶家族具有一定的同源性。

48 、The term deep homology was coined to describe the common origin of genetic regulatory apparatus used to build morphologically and phylogenetically disparate animal features.───“深同源”一詞是造來描述遺傳調(diào)控元件的共同起源，這些遺傳調(diào)控元件是用來構(gòu)建在形態(tài)上和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育上全異的動物特征。

49 、There are two kinds of molecular containing histone deacetylase activity: One is homology with yeast RPD3,and another is not homology with yeast RPD3.───含有組蛋白脫**化酶活性的分子有兩類:一類是與酵母RPD3同源的分子,另一類是與RPD3不同源的分子。

50 、Comparison to other 19 isolates of PVA suggested that Hangzhou isolate was most similar to Alc isolate from the Netherlands, and their homology of amino acid sequence of CP was 99.6%.───BLAST分析表明該病毒為馬鈴薯A病毒 (PVA) ,它與已報道的 19個PVA分離物CP氨基酸進行比較 ,PVA浙江分離物與荷蘭Alc分離物同源性最高 ,為 99.6%。

51 、The GhEno gene was registered in GenBank with the access number of EU169604.Sequence analysis alignment indicated that GhEno gene had high homology with those of other plants.───對其序列和進化分析表明,陸地棉烯醇酶基因與其它植物中的烯醇酶基因有較高的相似性,該基因在進化過程中是相當保守的。

52 、Results from Blast analysis revealed 14,20,23 and 19 homolog genes in 4-w forward,4-w reverse,8-w forward and 8-w reverse subtractive libraries,respectively.───同源性分析結(jié)果提示4周正向文庫得到14個同源基因，4周反向文庫得到20個同源基因，8周正向文庫得到23個同源基因，8周反向文庫得到19個同源基因。

53 、Homology search showed that this gene existed in eukaryotes and highly conserved throughout eukaryotes, suggesting an essential role of this gene.───同源性搜尋發(fā)現(xiàn)此基因存在于真核生物中而且保守性較強,表明它可能具有重要的作用。

54 、The homology of amino acid sequence with European reference vvIBDV strain was up to 100%.───與歐洲標準超強毒氨基酸同源性達100%;

55 、The DLA EIAV gag shared the homology of 80% in nucleotide and 84.47% in amino acid with the EIAV Wyoming 1369 strain.───與美國EIAVWyoming 136 9株比較 ,核苷酸同源性為 80% ,氨基酸同源性為 84 47%。

56 、The three dimensional structure of homoserine transsuccinylase from Escherichia coli(EcHTS) was modeled by using homology and molecular dynamics methods.───利用同源模建和分子動力學(xué)模擬方法,模建了大腸桿菌中高絲氨酸琥珀?；D(zhuǎn)移酶的三維結(jié)構(gòu)。

57 、With aid of Genbank homology analysis program, the sequence of PFN1 had 99% homology with the homo sapiens ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 gene.───與GeneBank資料序列同源性比較分析提示PFN1與泛素活化酶E1同源性 99% ,即為人類泛素活化酶E1基因的一部分。

58 、Two PINCH proteins, PINCH1 and PINCH2, have been described in mammals and share high homology.───PINCH1和PINCH2兩種PINCH蛋白曾在哺乳動物中被描述過并具有很高的同源性。

59 、In China these viruses share high homology with Takahaski’s strains which might be good standards for primer designation.───因而，設(shè)計pcr引物時宜選擇Takahashi等分離株為標準。

60 、This is consistent with the derivation process of DLA?EIAV.There is high difference in nucleotide sequence between EIAV L and other alien EIAV strains, and the homology is only about 79%.───同源性如此接近反映了它們之間的親緣關(guān)系，另外EIAV L株與DA-EIAV的同源性高于其與DLA-EIAV的同源性，這符合DLA-EIAV的衍生過程。

61 、SeMNPV; Chinese strain; isolation and identification; bioassay; restrict endonucleases analysis; polyhedrin; chitinase; alignment of homology.───01甜菜夜蛾核多角體病毒;中國分離株;分離鑒定;生物測定;限制性內(nèi)切酶分析;多角體;幾丁質(zhì)酶;同源性比較。

62 、The Blast result revealed that theses EST sequences have at least 82% homology with sequences induced by other abiotic stress factors ( NaCl, Chill etc.) .───BLAST結(jié)果表明:草甘膦誘導(dǎo)的EST序列與水楊酸誘導(dǎo)、茉莉酸激發(fā)、NaCl處理、冷脅迫、熱激、病原體處理等其它非生物脅迫誘導(dǎo)的序列有高達82%以上的同源性。

63 、We found that, on the amino acids level, the mutation rate is 80% in HVR1, the homology with Chinese consistent sequence) CCS is 42%-60%, moreover, the nonsynonymous substitutions is high than synonymous substitutions.───發(fā)現(xiàn)高變區(qū)有80%的氨基酸位點發(fā)生變異，氨基酸水平上不同分離株與CCS的同源性在42%-60%之間，而且錯義突變明顯多于無義突變。

64 、Compared the tiger PRNP with those of Felis catus,mink,sheep,mouse and dog,the Amur tiger PRNP had the highest homology with Felis catus AF003087(97.3 %) and sheep(97.3 %).───與已報道的貓、貂、綿羊、鼠和犬等哺乳動物的氨基酸序列比較,結(jié)果與貓(AF003087,97.3%)和綿羊(97.3%)的氨基酸同源性最高。

65 、Interestingly, these two genes isolated from Bermuda grass under either low-temperature stress or high-salt stress share 97.8% homology.───兩種逆境脅迫下擴增的基因序列同源性很高,達到了97.8%.

66 、A new sequence type that did not show homology to any published emm type in GenBank was characterized and submitted to GenBank(AY347259).───發(fā)現(xiàn) 1株新的emm型菌株 ,序列已遞交GenBank ,注冊號為AY3472 5 9。

67 、Therefore, poem, music, calligraphy, draw homology are shunted, bring out the best in each other, form a series of peculiar artistic categories in China.───因而書與畫同，畫與詩通，詩與樂合，同源分流，相得益彰。形成中國特有的一系列藝術(shù)范疇。

68 、Simultaneously, we conducted examinations on the homolog) of serum, the results showed that the tested 12 strains have the same O-antigen and the same K-antigen.───同時對該菌的血清型進行了檢定，表明12株菌具有同種的K抗原和同種的O抗原（血清同源）；

69 、The blast analysis of the 3.0kb segment indicate that it is similar to translational activator and has more than 80% homology to two genes in Arabidopsis and Oryza saliva respectively.───將所得約2.8kb的基因片段作blast分析，表明其可能屬于翻譯激活子基因家族，并在擬南芥和水稻中皆有同源性大于80%的同源基因。

70 、The rodent gene researchers investigated is the human homolog of ALAD gene, named DBA and C57, but it cannot precisely replicate the polymorphism of ALAD in humans.───將來的工作：有研究報道用大鼠模型研究鉛生物蓄積的遺傳易感性，但所用的大鼠基因只是人類ALAD基因的類似物，名為DBA和C57，這兩種基因都不能準確代表人類ALAD基因及其多態(tài)性。

71 、Sequence analysis of multiple loci of the isolates, including ITS1, ITS2 and D1/D2, showed that it was mostly similar to Madurella mycetomatis with a homology of 97%.───ITS1、ITS2和D1/D2區(qū)測序結(jié)果示：病原菌與足菌腫馬杜拉分支菌有最大的相似性，但相似性小于97%。

72 、Homology analysis indicated that the amplified gene had 88% homology with IAG52A gene.───同源比較分析顯示,擴增的iagFJ9基因與已知的小瓜蟲抑動蛋白基因IAG52A基因具有88%同源率。

73 、The simplicial homology technique is a valuable and acceptable method to compute the polyhedron closed by spatial joint faces through engineering application.───具體工程應(yīng)用表明，在進行有限大小節(jié)理面所切割成的多面塊體判別與預(yù)測時，單純同調(diào)理論是一種有效而實用的方法。

74 、It is a new member of human ASB protein family, with a 96% homology to mouse ASB-8 protein.───其編碼蛋白屬于人ASB蛋白家族中的一個成員 ,與小鼠中的ASB 8蛋白同源性達 96% .

75 、Compared the obtained gene sequence of all isolates by DNASIS software, their homology of the nucleotide sequence were 99.8%, except comparing to those of isolates gxp35 and gxc48 by 76.4% homology.───同源性比較,除了gxp35和gxc48與其它分離株核苷酸序列的同源性為76.4%,其它毒株序列之間的同源性達99.8%;

76 、In this paper, the homology of transport proteins of Streptomyces lydicus and other Actionmycetales bacteria is analysed and their evolutional relation is discussed.───將獲得的利迪鏈霉菌的轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白基因與其他放線菌的轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白基因進行了同源性分析，探討了基因的進化關(guān)系。

77 、Rat sp56l show very high homology to mouse sp56 and guinea-pig sp56 both ofwhich have seven Sushi domains.───sp56l 編碼的蛋白與小鼠sp56 與豚鼠AM67 高度同源,都含有7 個Shshi結(jié)構(gòu)域,而sp56s 編碼的蛋白前體則完全缺失了第三個Shshi 結(jié)構(gòu)域。

78 、Your aring certain doesn't want to commit with California surprise of this guy homology of mistake, what he rob was a collapse for a long time of bank.───你一定不想犯下與加州阿納罕的這個家伙相同的錯誤，他搶的是一家倒閉了很久的銀行。

79 、We blast high homology sequences in NCBI, and construct enolase by the crystallograms in PDB.───在NCBI中搜尋和其同源性較高的序列，利用PDB庫中已知空間結(jié)構(gòu)的蛋白質(zhì)來模建ENOLASE烯醇酶。

80 、Even if, the state adopt homology frame of reference, differ states adoptive different standard.───即使是采用相同參照系的國家，不同國家所采用的標準也是不同的。

81 、China and Japan"s culture including music has homology.───包括音樂在內(nèi)的中日兩國文化具有一定的共通性。

寫一篇關(guān)于太陽,地球和月球比大小,距離,顏色英語作文

The moon origin mystery: for lunar origins, scientists put forward three kinds of theories: capture said, homology and earth divided them all defective, said, but the Apollo would help proof, which seem least likely theory is the best theory. Some scientists think, the moon is with earth in 46 billion years ago, from a group of cosmic dust generator. Another theory is that the moon is the earth's "children", is perhaps the Pacific "dig" out. However Apollo moon exploration results show that the earth and the moon the composition of the difference is very big, some scientists have proposed another hypothesis, namely "captured". They think that the moon is accidentally broke into gravitational field, and be locked in the present orbit. However, it is theoretically explain the process mechanism, is extremely difficult. Therefore, the above three theory all difficult to hold water. As robin hallam especially by dr said: "to explain the moon does not exist, than to explain the moon exist easier."

The moon age riddle: what is amazing is that the rock samples from the moon back, via analysis found that about 99 percent age than earth 90% oldest rocks more older. Armstrong in "quiet sea" after landing picked up the first piece of rock's age is 36 billion years old. Some other rock age 4.3 billion years old, 4.6 billion years old and 45 billion years old — — it almost and earth and solar system itself, the earth is as old as the oldest rocks is 37 billion years old. In 1973, the world symposium on the moon was a age determination for 53 billion years old of moon rocks. Is more surprising is that these ancient rocks are collected from scientists believe to be the youngest area on the moon. In light of the evidence, some scientists propose that the moon on earth formed before long was established in interstellar space formed.

The lunar soil years older than rock greater mystery: the moon ancient rock has made scientists helpless, however, and these rocks, compared to the surrounding soil rock is young. According to the analysis, soil age at least 10 years than rock. At first glance, sounds, this is impossible because scientists think these soils are rock after smashing formation. But, determination of rock and soil chemical composition, the scientists found that, after the soil and rock is irrelevant, seem to come from elsewhere.

When a massive object when the moon, the moon hit send hollow balls like voice mystery: in Apollo exploration process, abandoned the rockets third quarter thrusters will boom the bump on the surface of the moon. According to NASA document records, "each such noise, sounds like a big the sound of the bell". When the moon landing in color special personnel black plains, they found on the surface of the moon drilling very difficult. Soil sample by analysis found that, which contains a large number of rare earth metal titanium (it was used in the supersonic jet and spacecraft on); Others, such as zirconium, hard metal iridium, beryllium content is also very rich. This makes scientists puzzled, because these metal only in high temperature — — about 45 degrees Fahrenheit, will and surrounding rock as a whole.

Stainless iron mystery: lunar surface rock sample still contain among them pure iron granules, scientists think they are not from meteorites. The former Soviet union and American scientists has found a more strange phenomenon: these pure iron granules on earth put seven years is not rust. In the scientific world, didn't rusty pure iron is unheard of.

The moon radioactive mystery: the moon in thickness of eight miles surface is radioactive, this also is a astonishing phenomenon. When "Apollo 15th" astronauts using temperature timing, they found reading extraordinarily high, which suggests that Italy plain nearby heat flux indeed temperature is very high. A scientist exclaimed, "oh god, this land will soon melted! The moon's core must be more hot." However, is it surprising is that month heart temperature is not high. The heat from the surface of the moon of radioactive substances emit, but these radioactive substances (uranium and plutonium, thallium) and where do you come from? If they are from the heart, so how could they on to the surface of the moon?

Dry on the moon is large hydrosphere mystery: the first few times that the moon, the moon is a dry celestial bodies. A scientist had assert that it than the gobi desert dry 100 million times. Apollo missions of the first few times are not on the surface of the moon found any water trace. But "Apollo 15th" scientists has detected the surface of the moon is one place 100 square miles of water gas. Scientists red face argue that this is the American astronaut waste in the moon two small tank leakage causes. But such small tank can produce such a large hydrosphere? Of course this is not astronauts — — it directly spray urine to the moon in the sky. It seems that these moisture from the moon internal.

The surface of the moon is glass shape puzzle: Apollo astronauts discovered many places, the surface of the moon is covered with glass shape material, which suggests that the surface of the moon appears to be burning fiery fireball. As one scientist has pointed out, "the moon with glass." Expert analysis proof, this layer of glass of substance is not huge meteoritic impact generated, some scientists believe that, this is the explosion of the sun — — some miniature nova state — — consequences.

The moon of the magnetic field mystery: early detection and studies show that the moon, but almost no magnetic field of moon rocks analysis has proved it had strong magnetic field. This phenomenon makes scientists dumbfounded Paul jester doctor declared: "here is very strange magnetic rock... is quite beyond our expectation." If the moon had magnetic field, it should have an iron core, but of reliable evidence shows that the moon may not have such a core, And the moon will not possible from other objects (such as earth) obtain magnetic field, because if it is indeed the case, then it must be very close from earth, then it will be gravity ripped to pieces.

The moon internal mysterious "material aggregation point" mystery: 1968, flying around the moon, the moon probe the first to show the below the surface exist "material gathered structures". When the spacecraft flying over these structures over, due to their great gravity, shuttle flight will slightly below the prescribed orbit, but when the ship leave these structures clouds, it will speeding slightly, it clearly shows that the material gathered structure exists, and their great quality. Scientists think, these structures is like a bull 's-eye, by heavy elements constitute, hidden in the surface of the moon "hai" below. As one scientist has said: "it seems that who also don't know how to deal with them."

生物信息學(xué)研究的內(nèi)容

生物信息學(xué)的主要研究內(nèi)容

1、序列比對（Alignment）

基本問題是比較兩個或兩個以上符號序列的相似性或不相似性。序列比對是生物信息學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)，非常重要。兩個序列的比對有較成熟的動態(tài)規(guī)劃算法，以及在此基礎(chǔ)上編寫的比對軟件包BLAST和FASTA，可以免費下載使用。這些軟件在數(shù)據(jù)庫查詢和搜索中有重要的應(yīng)用。

2、結(jié)構(gòu)比對

基本問題是比較兩個或兩個以上蛋白質(zhì)分子空間結(jié)構(gòu)的相似性或不相似性。已有一些算法。

3、蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測，包括2級和3級結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測，是最重要的課題之一

從方法上來看有演繹法和歸納法兩種途徑。前者主要是從一些基本原理或假設(shè)出發(fā)來預(yù)測和研究蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)和折疊過程。分子力學(xué)和分子動力學(xué)屬這一范疇。后者主要是從觀察和總結(jié)已知結(jié)構(gòu)的蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律出發(fā)來預(yù)測未知蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)。同源模建（Homology）和指認（Threading）方法屬于這一范疇。雖然經(jīng)過30余年的努力，蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測研究現(xiàn)狀遠遠不能滿足實際需要。

4、計算機輔助基因識別(僅指蛋白質(zhì)編碼基因)。最重要的課題之一

基本問題是給定基因組序列后，正確識別基因的范圍和在基因組序列中的精確位置.這是最重要的課題之一，而且越來越重要。經(jīng)過20余年的努力，提出了數(shù)十種算法，有十種左右重要的算法和相應(yīng)軟件上網(wǎng)提供免費服務(wù)。原核生物計算機輔助基因識別相對容易些，結(jié)果好一些。從具有較多內(nèi)含子的真核生物基因組序列中正確識別出起始密碼子、剪切位點和終止密碼子，是個相當困難的問題，研究現(xiàn)狀不能令人滿意，仍有大量的工作要做。

5、非編碼區(qū)分析和DNA語言研究，是最重要的課題之一

在人類基因組中，編碼部分進展總序列的3~5%，其它通常稱為“垃圾”DNA，其實一點也不是垃圾，只是我們暫時還不知道其重要的功能。分析非編碼區(qū)DNA序列需要大膽的想象和嶄新的研究思路和方法。DNA序列作為一種遺傳語言，不僅體現(xiàn)在編碼序列之中，而且隱含在非編碼序列之中。

6、分子進化和比較基因組學(xué)，是最重要的課題之一

早期的工作主要是利用不同物種中同一種基因序列的異同來研究生物的進化，構(gòu)建進化樹。既可以用DNA序列也可以用其編碼的氨基酸序列來做，甚至于可通過相關(guān)蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)比對來研究分子進化。以上研究已經(jīng)積累了大量的工作。近年來由于較多模式生物基因組測序任務(wù)的完成，為從整個基因組的角度來研究分子進化提供了條件。

7、序列重疊群（Contigs）裝配

一般來說，根據(jù)現(xiàn)行的測序技術(shù)，每次反應(yīng)只能測出500或更多一些堿基對的序列，這就有一個把大量的較短的序列全體構(gòu)成了重疊群（Contigs）。逐步把它們拼接起來形成序列更長的重疊群，直至得到完整序列的過程稱為重疊群裝配。拼接EST數(shù)據(jù)以發(fā)現(xiàn)全長新基因也有類似的問題。已經(jīng)證明，這是一個NP-完備

性算法問題。

8、遺傳密碼的起源

遺傳密碼為什么是現(xiàn)在這樣的？這一直是一個謎。一種最簡單的理論認為，密碼子與氨基酸之間的關(guān)系是生物進化歷史上一次偶然的事件而造成的，并被固定在現(xiàn)代生物最后的共同祖先里，一直延續(xù)至今。不同于這種“凍結(jié)”理論，有人曾分別提出過選擇優(yōu)化、化學(xué)和歷史等三種學(xué)說來解釋遺傳密碼。隨著各種生物基因組測序任務(wù)的完成，為研究遺傳密碼的起源和檢驗上述理論的真?zhèn)翁峁┝诵碌乃夭摹?/p>

9、基于結(jié)構(gòu)的藥物設(shè)計。是最重要的課題之一

人類基因組計劃的目的之一在于闡明人的約10萬種蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能、相互作用以及與各種人類疾病之間的關(guān)系，尋求各種治療和預(yù)防方法，包括藥物治療?；谏锎蠓肿咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的藥物設(shè)計是生物信息學(xué)中的極為重要的研究領(lǐng)域。為了抑制某些酶或蛋白質(zhì)的活性，在已知其3級結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，可以利用分子對接算法，在計算機上設(shè)計抑制劑分子，作為候選藥物。這種發(fā)現(xiàn)新藥物的方法有強大的生命力，也有著巨大的經(jīng)濟效益