?ravaged

ravaged發(fā)音

['rævidʒ]

英：　　美：

ravaged中文意思翻譯

n.破壞, 蹂躪

v.毀壞, 破壞, 掠奪

ravaged詞形變化

動(dòng)詞過去式: ravaged | 名詞: ravager | 動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù): ravages | 動(dòng)詞過去分詞: ravaged | 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞: ravaging |

ravaged同義詞

damage | plunder | lay waste | pirate | ransack | havoc | sack | desolation | depredation | ruin | prey | pillage | desolate | waste | raze | harry | mischief | despoil | wreck | destroy | lay waste to | scourge | devastate

ravaged反義詞

preserve

ravaged常見例句

1 、The team is now looking at the genetics of the threatened Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) whose remaining numbers are currently being ravaged by a transmissible facial cancer.───小組正在研究受威脅的袋獾的基因，它們目前正受到可傳染性臉部癌癥的危害。

2 、Melissa Martinez salvages what she can after her home was ravaged by Hurricane Ike in Galveston, Texas.───Melissa Martinez在廢墟中努力尋找幸存的財(cái)產(chǎn)，她的家已經(jīng)被Ike颶風(fēng)摧毀。

3 、- Freak storms have ravaged France's Languedoc-Roussillon region, threatening to damage the new wine crop by leaving some vineyards under water at the crucial harvesting stage.───-怪誕颶風(fēng)蹂躪的法國朗格多克-魯西地區(qū)，威脅要破壞新酒作物留下一些葡萄園下的水在收割的關(guān)鍵階段。

4 、At home the landhad been ravaged by floods and earthquakes, and famines had driven thedispossessed and even samurai to storm the rice warehouses of the daimyo,the local lords.───在國內(nèi)，洪水和地震肆虐，赤地千里，餓殍遍野，甚至武士階級(jí)也開始掠奪大名的米倉。

5 、a recession that has ravaged the textile industry───使紡織業(yè)嚴(yán)重受損的經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條

6 、Global war ravaged earth at that time, but even this devastation paled in comparison to the threat of the invasion from outer space.───在那個(gè)時(shí)候，地球正處在全球內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的蹂躪中，但是即使這種戰(zhàn)爭在來自外太空的侵略的威脅前面，顯得微不足道。

7 、” Said by a white Texan dynast in Ghana, an African country once ravaged by the slave trade, that unexceptionable insight might sound a shade patronising.───一位德州白人主宰在加納----一個(gè)曾經(jīng)被奴隸貿(mào)易掠奪的非洲國家，曾經(jīng)說過這句話。

8 、You tell me not to ravage suspects in front of you.─── 你之前說不能當(dāng)著你的面欺負(fù)嫌疑人

9 、Over 50 percent of local income in these ravaged areas depend on the forest and agricultural sector, so foresters' livelihood will be seriously affected.───受災(zāi)地區(qū)的林農(nóng)林業(yè)收入約占總收入的50%以上，災(zāi)害將使林農(nóng)今后幾年的生活受到嚴(yán)重影響。

10 、In history, it has seven times been ravaged by fire which resulted in the destruction of the dome and the wooden eaves on the outside, leaving intact only the brick-built body.───歷史上的虎丘塔，曾遭7次火災(zāi)，頂部和各層的木檐均已燒毀，保存到現(xiàn)在的只剩磚砌塔身。

11 、World pressure intensified Wednesday on Myanmar's military leaders to allow massive aid into their ravaged country.───國際社會(huì)繼續(xù)對(duì)緬甸軍方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層施壓，迫使其接受對(duì)受災(zāi)地區(qū)大規(guī)模的援助。

12 、After numerous different conquers，including the Romans and the Moores that ravaged the city，the Argons made Catalonia，of which Barcelona was the capital.───城市由迦太基人建立，根據(jù)古傳統(tǒng)，城市的名字由古迦太基的巴塞家族派生出來。

13 、For you have heard of my manner of life formerly in Judaism, that I persecuted the church of God excessively and ravaged it.───你們聽過我從前在猶太教中所行的事,怎樣極力逼迫神的召會(huì),并損毀神的召會(huì)。

14 、On September 8, 1900, the city of Galveston, Texas, on the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico, was ravaged by 120 mile-per-hour winds, torrential rains, and flooding.───1900年9月8日，位于墨西哥灣海岸線上德州境內(nèi)的蓋維斯敦市遭時(shí)速高達(dá)120哩強(qiáng)風(fēng)、傾盆大雨及洪水的劫掠。

15 、In medieval Europe, ravaged by invasions and incessant wars, gardens were generally small and enclosed for protection within the fortified walls of monasteries and castles.───中世紀(jì)的歐洲，由于連綿不斷的戰(zhàn)火，花園都建造的很小，而且都造在有著堅(jiān)實(shí)圍墻的修道院和城堡中求得保護(hù)。

16 、The population of Kabul has expanded eight-fold, and streets ravaged by war are bustling with street markets.───喀布爾的人口翻了八番，被戰(zhàn)火破壞的街道上，地?cái)偽跷跞寥痢?/p>

17 、After numerous different conquers, including the Romans and Moores that ravaged the city, the Aragonese made Catalonia, of which Barcelona was the capital, strong and prosperous.───在包括羅馬人和摩爾人在內(nèi)的眾多征服者對(duì)這個(gè)城市進(jìn)行占領(lǐng)掠奪之后，阿拉貢人建立了加泰羅尼亞，定都于強(qiáng)盛的巴塞羅那。

18 、Taiwan also hopes the accords will stimulate its export__oriented economy, which has been ravaged by the global financial crisis.───臺(tái)灣也希望這個(gè)協(xié)定能刺激他們那個(gè)被全球經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)蹂躪的以出口導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟(jì)。

19 、His fleets ravaged the coast of Arabia;and Trajan vainly flattered himself that he was approaching towards the confines of India.───他的艦隊(duì)蹂躪了阿拉伯海岸，并且自負(fù)的吹噓他自己正朝著印度邊界進(jìn)軍。

20 、He ravaged my vagina like all men do.─── 他像其他男人一樣撕裂我的*

21 、The crops were ravaged by the storm.───農(nóng)作遭暴風(fēng)雨蹂躪。

22 、You are in league with the outlaws who ravaged this kingdom.─── 你與破壞這個(gè)國家的罪犯同流合污

23 、The 1.4-mile-long Three Gorges Dam now assumes its role in controlling the deadly floods that have regularly ravaged China's farming heartland.───大洪災(zāi)經(jīng)常肆虐中國腹地耕田,1.4-英里長的三峽大壩聲稱具有控制洪水的作用。

24 、14 5 Turmoil shall break out among your tribes and all your fortresses shall be ravaged As Salman ravaged Beth-arbel in time of war, smashing mothers and their children.───因此，在你的城邑中要發(fā)生騷動(dòng)，你的一切堡壘將被拆毀，就如沙耳曼毀滅貝特阿爾貝時(shí)，在戰(zhàn)爭之日，母親被摔死在兒子身上一樣。

25 、Let him to whom the mouth of the LORD has spoken make it known: Why is the land ravaged, scorched like a wasteland untraversed?───上主親口吩咐誰公布這事？“為什么這地遭受毀滅，荒蕪得有如無人經(jīng)過的曠野？”

26 、Greek - born Turkish corsair who with his brother Arouj(died1518)ravaged the coasts of Spain, Italy, and Greece.───巴爾巴羅薩希臘裔土耳其海盜，曾與其弟阿魯依（死于1518年）一起劫掠過西班牙、意大利和希臘海岸

27 、Like senna stirs along the ravaged roots.───像山扁豆葉一樣沿著殘敗的根莖輕微地騷動(dòng)。

28 、Our towns are being ravaged by substance abuse.─── 因?yàn)樗幬锓簽E 我們的家園遭受暴力毀壞

29 、3 The LORD will restore the vine of Jacob, the pride of Israel, Though ravagers have ravaged them and ruined the tendrils.───因?yàn)樯现饕謴?fù)雅各伯的葡萄園，也要恢復(fù)以色列的葡萄園，因?yàn)榻俾诱邠屄恿怂麄?，且破壞了他們的葡萄蔓?/p>

30 、In fact, so highly regarded was Norton that in the early stages of Europe's recovery from phylloxera, Norton was earmarked as the varietal savior of their ravaged vineyards.───事實(shí)上，這樣的諾頓高度重視，在歐洲從根瘤蚜復(fù)蘇的初期階段，諾頓被他們蹂躪的葡萄園專用品種的救星。

31 、Her body has been ravaged in preparation for this transplant.─── 她的身體已經(jīng)為了準(zhǔn)備這次移植而備受傷害

32 、A tornado ravaged the countryside.───一陣摧毀了鄉(xiāng)村的龍卷風(fēng)

33 、How it's spreading in here, how it's ravaging the body.─── 我們不知道它在這里如何傳播 如何摧殘身體

34 、Kirkland, 24, grew up in abject poverty in East Austin, Texas, in a part of town that doesn't look too dissimilar to the ravaged towns you see on the news in Iraq.───24歲的科克蘭生長在德克薩斯州東奧斯汀的窮苦人家，那里的破舊樣活像新聞鏡頭中的伊拉克。

35 、His fellow marines called for air evacuation, and soon surgeons at a hospital near Baghdad were amputating his ravaged arm.───他的戰(zhàn)友呼叫空中救援，將他送往巴格達(dá)附近的醫(yī)院，由外科醫(yī)生替他殘破的手臂實(shí)施截肢手術(shù)。

36 、He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.───他在我們的海域大肆掠奪,蹂躪我們的沿海地區(qū),燒毀我們的城鎮(zhèn),殘害我們?nèi)嗣竦纳?/p>

37 、When her brother, the storm-god Susanowo, ravaged the earth, she retreated to a cave because he was so noisy. She closed the cave with a large boulder.───女神的弟弟風(fēng)暴神須佐之男命肆虐地球時(shí)，她就只好躲進(jìn)一個(gè)山洞里，用一塊巨石把洞口封住，因?yàn)樗沉恕?/p>

38 、For thousands of square miles they had ravaged the land like locusts.───在成千上萬平方英里的土地上，他們象蝗蟲一樣蹂躪了大地。

39 、Pandemics of smallpox and polio once ravaged humanity, but widespread immunization drove those diseases to the brink of extinction.───天花和小兒麻痹曾蹂躪人類，而在人們普遍接種疫苗后，它們都瀕臨滅絕。

40 、Under Cenarius' watchful eye, they began to study the ancient arts of druidism that would enable them to heal the ravaged earth and re-grow their beloved forests at the base of Mount Hyjal.───在塞納留斯的關(guān)注下，他們開始學(xué)習(xí)古老的德魯伊法術(shù)，學(xué)習(xí)如何治愈傷痕累累的大地，并開始在海加爾山腳下種植他們喜愛的樹木。

41 、To her own consciousness, the flowery fields of her reason had rarely been ravaged by a hostile force.───在她自己的感覺中，她的推理與論說的園地如此絢麗多彩，難得被敵對(duì)勢(shì)力所攻破。

42 、They had ravaged the countryside .───他們已把鄉(xiāng)間洗劫一空。

43 、Forcing himself on me, intent on ravaging me, stealing my innocence.─── 壓在我身上 企圖蹂躪我 奪走我的貞潔

44 、Fugitives from a country ravaged by war───從飽受戰(zhàn)爭蹂躪的國家逃出的難民

45 、1.At the office I have to hold copy for Van Norden. When it comes time for the break he pulls me aside. He looks glum and ravaged.───在辦公室里我只得替范諾登讀要校對(duì)的稿子。到了休息時(shí)間他把我拉到一邊，臉色陰沉沉的，很難看。

46 、Banks still have much work to do to repair their ravaged balance-sheets, which will limit their ability to lend.───各個(gè)銀行的收支平衡慘不忍睹，恢復(fù)仍然需要大量工作，這樣又會(huì)限制它們貸款的能力。

47 、After numerous different conquers, including the Romans and Moores that 4)ravaged the city, the Argons made Catalonia, of which Barcelona was the capital, strong and prosperous.───在經(jīng)過數(shù)不清的不同征服者，包括羅馬人和摩爾人對(duì)這個(gè)城市的掠奪后，阿拉貢人建立了繁榮富強(qiáng)的加泰羅尼亞，定都于巴塞羅那。

48 、Fire ravaged the area in 2002.───2002年該區(qū)域曾經(jīng)大火肆虐。

49 、The army ravaged the whole town.───軍隊(duì)掠奪了整個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)。

50 、Four days after Hurricane Katrina ravaged the US Gulf coast, long convoys of buses also moved in to carry the worst of the victims away from the flooded streets.───在卡特琳娜颶風(fēng)肆虐美國海灣沿岸四天之后，公交車隊(duì)也進(jìn)入了城區(qū)遭受洪水肆虐的街道把受難者運(yùn)了出去。

51 、In a democracy with a free press, the pressure that forces such changes often comes from decision-makers' fear of being ravaged in the media and/or voted out of office.───一開始他們對(duì)自己不自信，這值得理解，甚至不無可愛，但現(xiàn)在他們則遵循著“政治正確”，或是“公司規(guī)則”。

52 、Every inhabited world I have encountered in this galaxy has been ravaged by the Wraith.───在這個(gè)星系中, 所有我訪問過的星球 都曾經(jīng)遭受過幽靈的蹂躪

53 、Giant waves washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka's biggest wildlife reserve and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards.───多年不遇的海嘯席卷斯里蘭卡海岸，造成約22000人死亡，然而當(dāng)?shù)匾吧锕賳T卻驚異的發(fā)現(xiàn)尸橫遍野的慘象中竟找不到一只動(dòng)物的尸體。

54 、Baal is true to his namesake. He has ravaged through our lands like a merciless plague.───巴爾和他的名號(hào)一模一樣，他像一場(chǎng)毫不留情的瘟疫一樣，蹂躪了我們的大地和家園。

55 、But in a country that had been ravaged by genocidal conflict, the progress is amazing.───但是，在這樣一個(gè)曾受到種族滅絕沖突蹂躪的國家，進(jìn)展卻令人驚奇。

56 、The cooking, her healthy nails that should have been ravaged by the treatment.─── 那些食物 她健康的指甲 本該因?yàn)橹委煻軗p的指甲

57 、* The marauding army ravaged the countryside.───*軍隊(duì)的掠奪蹂躪的農(nóng)村地區(qū)。

58 、The crops were ravaged by the typhoon.───農(nóng)作物遭臺(tái)風(fēng)毀壞。

59 、The death toll continued to climb from one of the most powerful earthquakes in forty years which unleashed a tsunami that ravaged south and Southeast Asia .───東南亞多國遭遇近四十年來最強(qiáng)烈的地震和地震引發(fā)的海嘯，令死亡人數(shù)不斷上升。

60 、This monster ravaged the country of Argos, and dwelt in a swamp near the well of Amymone.───于是他用強(qiáng)有力的手臂把安泰斯舉在空中，然后將他打死。

61 、After numerous different conquers, including the Romans and the Moores that ravaged the city, the Argons made Catalonia, of which Barcelona was the capital.───在經(jīng)過數(shù)不清的征服者，包括羅馬人和摩爾人對(duì)這個(gè)城市的掠奪后，阿拉貢人建立了繁榮富強(qiáng)的加塞羅尼亞，定都于巴塞羅那。

62 、He opens his mouth, and out past those ravaged teeth floats the kind of voice you might perhaps hear in heaven or, at the very least, in Naples.───他張開口，從他的爛牙間飄出的聲音，也許你只能在天堂或者那不勒斯(意大利西南部港市)才能聽得到。

63 、Four years have passed since the aftermath of wow powerleveling III: Reign of Chaos, and a great tension now smolders throughout the ravaged world of Azeroth.───在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上銷售口腔書籍、音像制品、口腔醫(yī)療保健產(chǎn)品，口腔醫(yī)療器械、設(shè)備、材料。

64 、Kenobi's lightsaber sheared off his lower legs and his left arm, while exposure to the fire and radiation of Mustafar's searing surface burned his flesh and ravaged his body throughout.───克諾比用光劍斬?cái)嗔怂膬蓷l小腿及左臂，隨后他倒在穆斯塔法的滾燙地面，烈火和輻射燒焦了他的皮肉，使他的全身都受到嚴(yán)重毀損。

65 、He doesn't look emaciated or bald, and he doesn't appear to be overly ravaged by prescription painkillers.───他看起來并不消瘦也沒禿頂，絲毫不見被止痛藥過分折磨的跡象。

66 、Despite widespread rains in the past week, India’s oilseed crop has been ravaged by drought this year.───盡管上周印度出現(xiàn)大范圍降雨，但就全年而言，干旱仍對(duì)油籽作物造成了損害。

67 、Four years have passed since the aftermath of Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, and a great tension now smolders throughout the ravaged world of Azeroth.───四年過去了善后魔獸三：在位混亂，并拉大悶現(xiàn)在整個(gè)世界蹂躪的魔獸。

68 、Packs of wild, demonic felhounds ravaged the countryside unopposed.───大群的惡魔兵蹂躪著毫無反抗的村莊。

69 、President Bush toured the damage in Alabama and George. He's already declared the ravaged damage area as a disaster. That means residents can get federal funds to help rebuild.───布什總統(tǒng)親臨阿拉巴馬和喬治亞州災(zāi)區(qū)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。他已宣布這些遭受破壞的地區(qū)為災(zāi)區(qū)。也就意味著該地區(qū)的居民可以得到聯(lián)邦政府的救濟(jì)基金,重建家園。

70 、Authorities have now charged a man with lighting one of the deadly wildfires that ravaged southern Australia.───官方已經(jīng)對(duì)一名男子引燃澳大利亞南部致命的森林大火提出指控。

71 、A hum ack whale mother and calf embark on an epic journey from tropical coral paradises to storm ravaged polar seas.───一頭母座頭鯨帶著她的幼鯨開始了一場(chǎng)從熱帶天堂般的珊瑚海開始的遠(yuǎn)行，她們的目的地，是布滿驚濤駭浪的極地大洋。

72 、Anyone he had ever injured by his conceit might now feel revenged to see how ravaged he looked.───凡是從前被他的自高自大傷害過的人，現(xiàn)在只要看他一眼這種憔悴的模樣，就會(huì)感到大仇已報(bào)。

73 、The past 18 months have seen many reputations ravaged,plenty of high-profile sackings and a lot of business failures.───在過去的18個(gè)月中，許多人身敗名裂，涌現(xiàn)了許多轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的解雇事件，大量企業(yè)宣告破產(chǎn)。

74 、And then I heard the ravagers had eliminated you both.─── 然后我聽說劫掠者把你們兩個(gè)人都?xì)⒘?/p>

75 、She felt as if she had been ravaged.───她感到渾身癱軟無力。

76 、Greek-born Turkish corsair who with his brother Arouj (died 58) ravaged the coasts of Spain, Italy, and Greece.───巴爾巴羅薩：希臘裔土耳其海盜，曾與其弟阿魯依（死于58年）一起劫掠過西班牙、意大利和希臘海岸

77 、He have plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our human.───他在咱們的海域大肆掠奪，蹂躪咱們沿海地區(qū)，焚燒咱們的城鎮(zhèn)，殘害咱們?nèi)嗣竦纳?/p>

78 、The conquering army ravaged the whole country .───占領(lǐng)軍洗劫了整個(gè)國家。

79 、Throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the border country was ravaged by lawless Reiver families in a vicious cycle of raid, reprisal and blood feud .───在15與16世紀(jì)中，這兩地交界處的村莊各有不受兩地律法管轄的”雷夥”家族，陷入在襲擊、報(bào)復(fù)、結(jié)成世仇這樣的慘烈輪迴。

80 、So far this year, the country ravaged by hyperinflation has been forced to print 100-million, 250-million and 500-million notes in rapid succession.───今年到目前為止，由于超級(jí)通貨膨脹對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的破壞，津巴布韋不得不接二連三的發(fā)行1000億面額、2500億面額和5000億面額的紙幣。

81 、The invaders ravaged the countryside.───侵略者把鄉(xiāng)間洗劫一空。

82 、Then, when droughts or outbreaks of diseases and insect pests ravaged crops, famine resulted.───一旦干旱或病蟲害暴發(fā)，饑荒就隨之出現(xiàn)。

83 、Trucks bump along its cracked and undulating surface, which is being ravaged by the freezing and thawing of the tundra beneath.───公路之下的凍土凝結(jié)又解凍，公路因此受到破壞，表面皸裂，起起伏伏，卡車沿路顛簸前行。

84 、She looked dead. She looked like a dead, old woman with her ravaged face and her dark hair snarled and tangled across it.───她看起來像個(gè)死人，像個(gè)死了的老婦人，一張受盡折磨的臉，上面披散著幾綹蓬亂糾結(jié)的黑發(fā)。

85 、In summer it is so parched it is often ravaged by fire.───在夏天，由于氣候極度干熱，這里經(jīng)常發(fā)生火災(zāi)。

86 、The countryside has been ravaged by pollution.───鄉(xiāng)村受到污染的破壞。

87 、In Switzerland, 13 people still missing after a mudslide ravaged the tiny village of Gondo on Saturday are presumed dead, although no bodies have been found.───周六在瑞士發(fā)生的一場(chǎng)泥流已摧毀了一個(gè)名為岡都的小鎮(zhèn)，雖然在這場(chǎng)災(zāi)難中失蹤的十三人的尸體都尚未尋獲，但據(jù)推測(cè)應(yīng)已喪生。

88 、A man ravaged by AIDS is bathed at a hospice in Zambia.───一個(gè)感染艾滋病病毒的男子在贊比亞一處醫(yī)務(wù)所沐浴清洗。

89 、Weasley gasps and her face falls into its familiar lines of resentment, but the corner of the Auror's mouth crooks upward, crinkling his ravaged face with what must pass for amusement.───"Weasley倒抽一口氣，臉上又現(xiàn)出那種忿忿的神情來，可是Auror嘴角卻彎了起來，那張飽經(jīng)滄桑的臉上一閃而過的該是忍不住的笑意。

90 、You and your students have been ravaging this country.─── 你和你的學(xué)生在全國各地作惡

這個(gè)《獨(dú)立宣言》的英語原文哪里有

The Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies

In CONGRESS, July 4, 1776

The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America,

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.

But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain [George III] is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained, and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.

He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance.

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our legislatures.

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

For protecting them by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

For depriving us in many cases of the benefits of Trial by Jury:

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated Government here by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms. Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren.

We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.

We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here.

We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.

They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by the authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare.

That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown,

and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved;

and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce,

and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.

And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.

The signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows:

New Hampshire:

Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton

Massachusetts:

John Hancock, Samual Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry

Rhode Island:

Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery

Connecticut:

Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott

New York:

William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris

New Jersey:

Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark

Pennsylvania:

Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross

Delaware:

Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean

Maryland:

Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton

Virginia:

George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton

North Carolina:

William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn

South Carolina:

Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton

Georgia:

Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton

這個(gè)《獨(dú)立宣言》的英語原文哪里有

The Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies

In CONGRESS, July 4, 1776

The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America,

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.

But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain [George III] is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained, and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.

He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance.

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our legislatures.

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

For protecting them by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

For depriving us in many cases of the benefits of Trial by Jury:

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated Government here by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms. Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren.

We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.

We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here.

We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.

They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by the authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare.

That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown,

and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved;

and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce,

and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.

And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.

The signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows:

New Hampshire:

Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton

Massachusetts:

John Hancock, Samual Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry

Rhode Island:

Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery

Connecticut:

Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott

New York:

William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris

New Jersey:

Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark

Pennsylvania:

Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross

Delaware:

Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean

Maryland:

Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton

Virginia:

George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton

North Carolina:

William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn

South Carolina:

Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton

Georgia:

Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton

[美] 托馬斯.杰非遜

1776年7月4日，美利堅(jiān)合眾國十三州議會(huì)一致通過的宣言。

在人類事務(wù)發(fā)展的過程中，當(dāng)一個(gè)民族必須解除同另一個(gè)民族的聯(lián)系，并按照自然法則和上帝的旨意，以獨(dú)立平等的身份立于世界列國之林時(shí)，出于對(duì)人類輿論的尊重，必須把驅(qū)使他們獨(dú)立的原因予以宣布。

我們認(rèn)為下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主賦予他們?nèi)舾刹豢勺屌c的權(quán)利，其中包括生存權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。為了保障這些權(quán)利，人們才在他們中間建立政府，而政府的正當(dāng)權(quán)利，則是經(jīng)被統(tǒng)治者同意授予的。任何形式的政府一旦對(duì)這些目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)起破壞作用時(shí)，人民便有權(quán)予以更換或廢除，以建立一個(gè)新的政府。新政府所依據(jù)的原則和組織其權(quán)利的方式，務(wù)使人民認(rèn)為唯有這樣才最有可能使他們獲得安全和幸福。若真要審慎的來說，成立多年的政府是不應(yīng)當(dāng)由于無關(guān)緊要的和一時(shí)的原因而予以更換的。過去的一切經(jīng)驗(yàn)都說明，任何苦難，只要尚能忍受，人類還是情愿忍受，也不想為申冤而廢除他們久已習(xí)慣了的政府形式。然而，當(dāng)始終追求同一目標(biāo)的一系列濫用職權(quán)和強(qiáng)取豪奪的行為表明政府企圖把人民至于專制暴政之下時(shí)，人民就有權(quán)也有義務(wù)去推翻這樣的政府，并為其未來的安全提供新的保障。這就是這些殖民地過去忍受苦難的經(jīng)過，也是他們現(xiàn)在不得不改變政府制度的原因。當(dāng)今大不列顛王國的歷史，就是屢屢傷害和掠奪這些殖民地的歷史，其直接目標(biāo)就是要在各州之上建立一個(gè)獨(dú)裁暴政。為了證明上述句句屬實(shí)，現(xiàn)將事實(shí)公諸于世，讓公正的世人作出評(píng)判。

他拒絕批準(zhǔn)對(duì)公眾利益最有益、最必需的法律。

他禁止他的殖民總督批準(zhǔn)刻不容緩、極端重要的法律，要不就先行擱置這些法律直至征得他的同意，而這些法律被擱置以后，他又完全置之不理。

他拒絕批準(zhǔn)便利大地區(qū)人民的其他的法律，除非這些地區(qū)的人民情愿放棄自己在自己在立法機(jī)構(gòu)中的代表權(quán)；而代表權(quán)對(duì)人民是無比珍貴的，只有暴君才畏懼它。

他把各州的立法委員召集到一個(gè)異乎尋常、極不舒適而有遠(yuǎn)離他們的檔案庫的地方去開會(huì)，其目的無非是使他們疲憊不堪，被迫就范。

他一再解散各州的眾議院，因?yàn)楹笳邎?jiān)決反對(duì)他侵犯人民的權(quán)利。

他在解散眾議院之后，又長期拒絕另選他人，于是這項(xiàng)不可剝奪的立法權(quán)便歸由普通人民來行使，致使在這其間各州仍處于外敵入侵和內(nèi)部騷亂的種種危險(xiǎn)之中。

他力圖阻止各州增加人口，為此目的，他阻撓外國人入籍法的通過，拒絕批準(zhǔn)其他鼓勵(lì)移民的法律，并提高分配新土地的條件。

他拒絕批準(zhǔn)建立司法權(quán)利的法律，以阻撓司法的執(zhí)行。

他迫使法官為了保住任期、薪金的數(shù)額和支付而置于他個(gè)人意志的支配之下。

他濫設(shè)新官署，委派大批官員到這里騷擾我們的人民，吞噬他們的財(cái)物。

他在和平時(shí)期，未經(jīng)我們立法機(jī)構(gòu)同意，就在我們中間維持其常備軍。

他施加影響，使軍隊(duì)獨(dú)立于文官政權(quán)之外，并凌駕于文官政權(quán)之上。

他同他人勾結(jié)，把我們置于一種既不符合我們的法規(guī)也未經(jīng)我們法律承認(rèn)的管轄之下，而且還批準(zhǔn)他們炮制的各種偽法案，以便任其在我們中間駐扎大批武裝部隊(duì)；不論這些人對(duì)我們各州居民犯下何等嚴(yán)重的謀殺罪，他可用加審判來庇護(hù)他們，讓他們逍遙法外；他可以切斷我們同世界各地的貿(mào)易；未經(jīng)我們同意便向我們強(qiáng)行征稅；在許多案件中剝奪我們享有陪審制的權(quán)益；以莫須有的罪名把我們押送海外受審；他在一個(gè)鄰省廢除了英國法律的自由制度，在那里建立專制政府，擴(kuò)大其疆域，使其立即成為一個(gè)樣板和合適的工具，以便向這里各殖民地推行同樣的專制統(tǒng)治；他取消我們的許多特許狀，廢除我們最珍貴的法律并從根本上改變我們各州政府的形式；他終止我們立法機(jī)構(gòu)行使權(quán)力，宣稱他們自己擁有在任何情況下為我們制定法律的權(quán)力。

他們放棄設(shè)在這里的政府，宣稱我們已不屬他們保護(hù)之列，并向我們發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭。

他在我們的海域里大肆掠奪，蹂躪我們的沿海地區(qū)，燒毀我們的城鎮(zhèn)，殘害我們?nèi)嗣竦纳?

他此時(shí)正在運(yùn)送大批外國雇傭兵，來從事其制造死亡、荒涼和暴政的勾當(dāng)，其殘忍與卑劣從一開始就連最野蠻的時(shí)代也難以相比，他已完全不配當(dāng)一個(gè)文明國家的元首。

他強(qiáng)迫我們?cè)诠１凰麄兎數(shù)耐闷鹞淦鞣磳?duì)自己的國家，使他們成為殘殺自己親友的劊子手，或使他們死于自己親友的手下。

他在我們中間煽動(dòng)內(nèi)亂，并竭力挑唆殘酷無情的印地安蠻子來對(duì)付我們邊疆的居民，而眾所周知，印地安人作戰(zhàn)的準(zhǔn)則是不分男女老幼、是非曲直，格殺勿論。

在遭受這些壓迫的每一階段，我們都曾以最謙卑的言辭吁請(qǐng)予以糾正。而我們一次又一次的情愿，卻只是被報(bào)以一次又一次的傷害。

一個(gè)君主，其品格被他的每一個(gè)只有暴君才干的出的行為所暴露時(shí)，就不配君臨自由的人民。

我們并不是沒有想到我們英國的弟兄。他們的立法機(jī)關(guān)想把無理的管轄權(quán)擴(kuò)展到我們這里來，我們時(shí)常把這個(gè)企圖通知他們。我們也曾把我們移民來這里和在這里定居的情況告訴他們。我們?cè)鴳┣笏麄兲焐恼x感和雅量，念在同種同宗的分上，棄絕這些掠奪行為，因?yàn)檫@些掠奪行為難免會(huì)使我們之間的關(guān)系和來往中斷?？伤麄儗?duì)這種正義和同宗的呼聲也同樣充耳不聞。因此，我們不得不宣布脫離他們，以對(duì)待世界上其他民族的態(tài)度對(duì)待他們：同我交戰(zhàn)者，就是敵人；同我和好者，即為朋友。

因此我們這些在大陸會(huì)議上集會(huì)的美利堅(jiān)合眾國的代表們，以各殖民地善良人民的名義，并經(jīng)他們授權(quán)，向世界最高裁判者申訴，說明我們的嚴(yán)重意向，同時(shí)鄭重宣布：

我們這些聯(lián)合起來的殖民地現(xiàn)在是，而且按公理也應(yīng)該是，獨(dú)立自由的國家；

我們對(duì)英國王室效忠的全部義務(wù)，我們與大不列顛王國之間大不列顛一切政治聯(lián)系全部斷絕，而且必須斷絕。

作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立自由的國家，我們完全有權(quán)宣戰(zhàn)、締和、結(jié)盟、通商和采取獨(dú)立國家有權(quán)采取的一切行動(dòng)。

我們堅(jiān)定地信賴神明上帝的保佑，同時(shí)以我們的生命、財(cái)產(chǎn)和神圣的名譽(yù)彼此宣誓來支持這一宣言。

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〔說明〕

1776年6月7日，大陸會(huì)議弗吉尼亞代表提出北美各殖民地脫離英國的決議

案。大陸會(huì)議選出托馬斯．杰斐遜、約翰．亞當(dāng)斯和本杰明.富蘭克林等人組成的委員會(huì)，起草美國的獨(dú)立宣言。

杰斐遜起草了《獨(dú)立宣言》的第一稿，富蘭克林等人又進(jìn)行了潤色。大陸會(huì)議對(duì)

此稿又進(jìn)行了長時(shí)間的、激烈的辯論，最終作出了重大的修改。特別是在佐治亞

和卡羅來納代表們的堅(jiān)持下，刪去了杰斐遜對(duì)英王喬治三世允許在殖民地保持奴

隸制和奴隸買賣的有力譴責(zé)。這一部分的原文是這樣的：

他的人性本身發(fā)動(dòng)了殘酷的戰(zhàn)爭，侵犯了一個(gè)從未冒犯過他的遠(yuǎn)方民族的最神圣

的生存權(quán)和自由權(quán)；他誘騙他們，并把他們運(yùn)往另一半球充當(dāng)奴隸，或使他們慘

死在運(yùn)送途中。

美國的奴隸制度直到80多年以后的南北戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)期才得到解決。1862年9月22日，林肯總統(tǒng)頒布《解放黑人奴隸宣言》，宣布奴隸獲得自由，但范圍僅限于叛亂各州的奴隸，卻不包括未參與叛亂的幾個(gè)蓄奴州的奴隸。從法律上真正奴隸制，是在戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后的1865年年底。而對(duì)有色人種的種族歧視，至今猶存。

《獨(dú)立宣言》認(rèn)定的真理“人人生而平等”與奴隸制的得以保護(hù)，這對(duì)比是如此

的強(qiáng)烈。然而，這就是真正的歷史。但是，自1776年以來，“人人生而平等”作為美國立國的基本原則，作為人們的信念和理想，就一直在全世界為人傳頌。美國正義的社會(huì)改革者們，在各個(gè)社會(huì)的歷史階段，為了廢除奴隸制，為了禁止種族隔離，為了婦女解放，都提到這一理想；而人民在反對(duì)不民主、不公正的統(tǒng)治時(shí)，也都以此作為最有力的思想武器。

托馬斯．杰斐遜（1743-1826），生于弗吉尼亞的一個(gè)富裕家庭。曾就讀于威廉-

瑪麗學(xué)院。1767年成為律師，1769年當(dāng)選為弗吉尼亞下院議院。他積極投身于獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)之中，并代表弗吉尼亞出席大陸會(huì)議。他曾兩次當(dāng)選弗吉尼亞州長。1800

年當(dāng)選美國總統(tǒng)。

杰斐遜在為自己的墓碑而作的墓志銘中這樣寫到：

這里埋葬著托馬斯．杰斐遜，美國《獨(dú)立宣言》的作者，弗吉尼亞宗教自由

法規(guī)的制定者和弗吉尼亞大學(xué)之父。

參考資料：

http://www.veryabc.cn/bbs/index.php?s=b5f75e7d12a52992c605145c81f58e90&showtopic=725