?conflicted

conflicted發(fā)音

[k?n?fl?kt?d]

英：　　美：

conflicted中文意思翻譯

vi.沖突, 抵觸, 爭執(zhí)

n.沖突, 戰(zhàn)斗, 矛盾, 斗爭

conflicted詞形變化

動詞現(xiàn)在分詞: conflicting | 動詞過去分詞: conflicted | 形容詞: conflictive | 動詞過去式: conflicted | 名詞: confliction | 動詞第三人稱單數(shù): conflicts |

conflicted常見例句

1 、Indicate the selected device is in conflict with.───好象是說設(shè)備沖突。

2 、Danny, this is a conflict of interest.─── 丹尼 這是利益沖突的問題

3 、How can channel conflict be managed?───五,如何管理渠道的沖突?

4 、If you're worried about a conflict of interest, we're not.─── 如果你擔心利益沖突 這個不要緊的

5 、Close the Replication Conflict Viewer.───關(guān)閉復制沖突查看器。

6 、There was an internal conflict among themselves.───他們內(nèi)部出現(xiàn)了一場內(nèi)訌。

7 、But conflicting emotions require we resolve the conflict.─── 但矛盾的情緒要求我們必須解決矛盾

8 、How do you resolve conflict on a project team?───在一個團隊中你如何解決矛盾?

9 、Something is bound to happen one way or another to end the conflict or solve the problem.───事情一定以某種方式發(fā)生以結(jié)束沖突或解決難題。

10 、They should not conflict with common mental associations.───他們不應(yīng)與人們感官上共同的聯(lián)想相違。

11 、Both sides committed themselves to settle the conflict peacefully.───雙方承諾和平解決矛盾。

12 、Clinton's not tormented, but he does seem conflicted.───克林頓的仕途雖然談不上坎坷,但是,他有時看起來內(nèi)心充滿矛盾。

13 、His words are in conflict with his deeds.───他的言論和行動不一致。

14 、Your statement is in conflict with other evidence.───你的陳述與其他證據(jù)相沖突。

15 、I was so conflicted about all this when it began.─── 一切剛開始時我真的很矛盾

16 、Still, the conflict restores his sense of human grandeur.───不過這場沖突使他恢復了他人類尊嚴感。

17 、Agricultural policy has conflicted with other agricultural goals and with other national policies.───農(nóng)業(yè)政策與不同的農(nóng)業(yè)目標以及與其它的國民政策之間存在矛盾。

18 、You'd better avoidjumping into conflict with him.───你最好避免跟他發(fā)生沖突。

19 、His conflict of interest made him ineligible for the post.───人們在交往過程中難免發(fā)生沖突。

20 、The conflict between the two countries finally caused a war.───兩國間的摩擦終于導致了一場戰(zhàn)爭。

21 、The conflict process is a dynamic phenomenon.───沖突過程是一種動態(tài)現(xiàn)象。

22 、To prepare oneself for warfare or conflict.───備戰(zhàn)使自己準備參加戰(zhàn)斗或戰(zhàn)爭

23 、The world is as an arena of moral conflict.───世界像一個道義沖突的競爭場所。

24 、He was wounded in the conflict.───他在戰(zhàn)斗中負傷。

25 、The answer lies in what Prof McKinnon calls "conflicted virtue".───回答在于麥金農(nóng)教授所稱的“沖突的美德”。

26 、A decisive or catastrophic conflict.───決定性的或大規(guī)模的戰(zhàn)爭

27 、Yet these priorities are often in conflict.───但是這些優(yōu)先權(quán)經(jīng)常是沖突的。

28 、They were reluctant to be drawn into the conflict.───他們不愿卷入這場沖突。

29 、The statements of the two witnesses conflict.───兩個證人的證詞不一致.

30 、China and Finland have never come into conflict.───中國同芬蘭從來沒有發(fā)生過沖突。

31 、His statement conflicted with what his friend said.───他的說法與他的朋友所言截然不同。

32 、The conflict between them is over.───他們之間的沖突結(jié)束了。

33 、Has France ever conflicted with England in modern history?───在現(xiàn)代史上,法國與英國之間發(fā)生過沖突嗎?

34 、International Journal of Conflict Management.───國際沖突管理雜志。

35 、Conflict of Interest Disclosures.───利益沖突的披露。

36 、To get involved in a conflict, trouble, etc.───卷入漩渦

37 、So the conflict spread like wildfire.───沖突猶如野火蔓延開來。

38 、Their viewpoints are in conflict with ours.───他們的觀點和我們的沖突。

39 、They sought to provoke a general conflict in the area.───他們企圖在這個地區(qū)挑起普遍沖突。

40 、A conflict or a frustration is not necessarily pathogenic.───一個沖突或者阻撓不一定會產(chǎn)生心理變態(tài)。

41 、Not just an actual conflict, but any appearance of conflict, I think.─── 我認為不僅是真實出現(xiàn)的爭議 而是包含任何形式出現(xiàn)的爭議

42 、She turned down Batman Forever because it conflicted with the filming of While You Were Sleeping.───她曾拒拍《永遠的蝙蝠俠》，因為它與《當你熟睡時》的拍攝相沖突。

43 、To become embroiled in conflict.───卷入矛盾沖突

44 、I'll back you up if there's any conflict.─── 如果有任何沖突我會幫你的

45 、Separatism and racial conflict has been haunting the post- cold war community.───分離主義和種族沖突一直困擾著後冷戰(zhàn)時代的國際社會。

46 、There has been conflict in this country for decades, terrible conflict, almost a civil war, and now, hopefully, finally, that could be coming to an end.─── 幾十年來 哥倫比亞一直存在武裝沖突 很可怕的沖突 幾乎是一場內(nèi)戰(zhàn) 現(xiàn)在 終于有希望結(jié)束沖突了

47 、A careless move may well trigger an all new debate and conflict.───一不小心，還可能引發(fā)全新的爭執(zhí)和沖突。

48 、Her diary was a record of her inner conflict.───她的日記記錄了她內(nèi)心的矛盾。

49 、Involved in conflict or battle.───卷入矛盾或戰(zhàn)爭中

50 、The state of being at war or being engaged in a warlike conflict.───交戰(zhàn)處于戰(zhàn)爭或有戰(zhàn)爭危險的沖突狀態(tài)

51 、To avoid a full-scale nuclear conflict.───為了避免全面的核戰(zhàn)爭.

52 、The two accounts of what had happened conflicted with each other.───關(guān)于發(fā)生的事情,兩個報道截然不同。

53 、The conflict between the two villages lasted for years.───兩個村子之間的沖突持續(xù)了數(shù)年。

54 、Paranoia reigns among the women,causing much marital conflict.───偏執(zhí)狂現(xiàn)象在婦女中很盛行，引起了許多婚姻糾紛。

55 、They faced conflict with the people.───他們面臨著和人民的矛盾。

56 、by this conflicting evidence as you are.─── 被這些互相矛盾的證據(jù)搞得很困惑

57 、Advisers in any conflict are in harm's way.───在任何沖突當中，顧問也會受到傷害?！?/p>

58 、There was no conflict between myself and my patrons.───在我和我的主顧之間沒有什么摩擦。

59 、There has always been some conflict between the sexes.───兩性之間從來就有矛盾。

60 、They fell out because of the little conflict.───他們因小沖突而爭吵。

61 、Protection lock conflict with printers?───保護鎖會不會與打印機機產(chǎn)生相沖突的情形?

62 、A person held by one party in a conflict as security that specified terms will be met by the opposing party.───人質(zhì)被沖突一方扣押的人，以作為對方滿足其提出的條件的保證

63 、If there's a conflict, you solve it.─── 假如出現(xiàn)了沖突 你就去解決

64 、His account conflicted with that of the other witnesses and yet his story had,for me the ring of truth.───他的敘述與其他目擊者講的有矛盾。然而在我看來，他所說的有可能是真的。

65 、They thrive on conflict. It excites them.─── 爭吵讓他們興奮 給他們*

66 、This option is disabled if it detects a conflict.───如果檢測到?jīng)_突,則會禁用此選項。

67 、The two nations had a conflict because of the boundary of a river.───因為一條河流的分界，兩國發(fā)生了沖突。

68 、In an active state of conflict or contention.───處于交戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)處于一種沖突或爭論的活躍狀態(tài)

69 、The state or fact of differing or of being in conflict.───分歧，不和不同或處于沖突中的狀態(tài)或事實

70 、The harder the conflict the more glorious the triumph.───沖突越激烈成就越顯赫。

71 、Inequality and poverty breed class conflict.───不平等和貧困滋長階級對抗。

72 、Your statement is in conflict with the rest of the evidence.───你的陳述同其余證據(jù)有矛盾。

73 、A conventional conflict might become a nuclear war.───一場常規(guī)戰(zhàn)有可能會變成核戰(zhàn)爭。

74 、The two stories conflicted, so I did not know what to believe.───兩個故事相沖突，我不知道相信哪一個。

75 、"Master, these teachings may conflict".───"老師,這些教義有沖突."

76 、Your two statements conflict with each other.───你的兩項陳述相互沖突。

77 、The conflict between them seems ceaseless.───他們之間沖突似乎沒個止息。

78 、Both sides suffered heavy casualties in the border armed conflict.───在這次邊界武裝沖突中雙方都遭到了重大傷亡。

79 、Over 10 people were killed in the conflict.───在那場沖突中有十多個人死于非命。

80 、Conflict is inevitable in the workplace.───在工場，沖突是不可避免的。

81 、Source object for the delete conflict.───刪除沖突的源對象。

82 、If you are not personally conflicted about the issue, select another topic.───又假定你對該主題并未感到兩難，選別的主題吧。

83 、So they came into direct conflict with the workers.───因此他們直接和工人發(fā)生了沖突。

84 、They have come into conflict, sometimes violently.───他們產(chǎn)生了矛盾，有時矛盾還非常激烈。

85 、Conflict increases more and more and more.───沖突在增加，越來越多，越來越多。

86 、At length the final conflict took place between Aeneas and Turnus.───埃涅阿斯和圖努斯終于展開了最后的決戰(zhàn)。

87 、The two political parties have been in conflict since the election.───從大選開始，這兩個政黨就一直爭論不休。

88 、Your interests conflict with mine.───你的利益和我的沖突。

89 、The Colombian armed conflict started in 1964.───哥倫比亞武裝沖突始于1964年。

90 、The conflict is still being fought out.───仍在通過戰(zhàn)斗解決這次沖突。

給我15篇英語短文(7篇科普文其余不限,200字左右,要中文翻譯)

I. CASE BACKGROUND

1. Abstract:

This website aims to analyze the key events leading to the construction of the Panama Canal, and detail certain environmental and tactical problems that threaten the canal today. The website historically examines why people wanted to construct the Panama Canal and details the efforts that lead to the construction of the canal. The website will also go into detail on how the U.S. supported the liberation of Panama, the decisive strategies it implemented to complete the canal, and a brief overview of events that take us to today's situation with the canal. Finally, the website ends on how environmental problems of deforestation and fresh water loss coincide to threaten the maintenance of the canal as well as its proposal to increase capacity to satisfy rising demands.

2. Description:

There has been a strong desire to have a canal run through the Central American isthmus since the early 16th century when the Spanish dominated the region. They sought to build a canal to achieve an easier route to access their colonies on the Atlantic and Pacific sides. Though, the Spanish government had plans in place no action was taken. Interest intensified to build a canal when gold was discovered in California in 1848. American settlers, looking for land and gold, wanted a quicker route than making the arduous trek across the continental U.S. In 1850, an international expedition composed of Colombia, France, Britain and the U.S. went to explore a claim made by Dr. Edward Cullen on how to cross the Darien Gap, the shortest distance between the tide waters of the Atlantic and Pacific in the Americas. The U.S. expedition, led by Navy Lieutenant Isaac Strain, arrived early and went into the Darien Gap without Cullen's guidance. Most of Strain's men died on the misguided expedition and Strain declared that a canal built through the Darien Gap was "impracticable." (McCullough, 22-23) In 1870, Commander Thomas Selfridge took two expeditions through the Darien Gap and followed Dr. Cullen's trail. While his first expedition faced many hardships getting from the Atlantic side to the Pacific, his expedition made it. Selfridge added insight on how the canal should be built, saying it must be "through-cut," at sea level. (McCullough, 44)

Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps was not an engineer or an architect, he was an entrepreneur extraordinaire. "He had all the nerve, persistence, dynamic energy, a talent for propaganda, a capacity for deception and imagination." (53, McCullough) With his outgoing social manner and his dream firmly in place, de Lesseps made the construction of the Suez Canal happen. He was the chairman and president of the Suez Canal Company and was the charmed guardian for the fortunes of all his shareholders. De Lesseps had fascinating dreams that kept the public enthralled like railways from Paris to Moscow to Peking, or creating an inland sea in the Sahara Desert by breaking through a ridge on Tunisia's Gulf of Gabes and flooding a depression the size of Spain. (57, McCullough) He was able to handle and use money like no other man in his time. Though, in 1875 two things happened. One was the British took control of the Suez Canal, and while he remained president his influence was undercut. The second event that occurred was his decision to take on the project of building a canal between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in the Americas.

In the summer of 1875, de Lesseps declared his desire to build an inter-oceanic canal through the Americas at France's Geographical Society. (58, McCullough) In May of 1879, de Lesseps hosted a meeting with delegations of 22 countries around the world, discussing the tactics on how to build the canal. This delegation, the International Canal Congress, brought suggestions to the floor on the type and location. There was debate over whether the canal should be built in Panama or Nicaragua. When Panama was chosen, the next argument was whether it should be a sea level canal or a lock canal. De Lesseps declared that it would have to be a sea level canal. The problem of a sea level canal was seen right away in terms of the landscape that the canal was to be built on. The source of this problem was the Chagres River. "The absolutely unavoidable problem was the river. Any canal at Panama-a lock canal, a sea-level canal-would have to cross the river at least once. If a sea-level canal were cut through, the result would be a stupendous cataract. The fall of the river into the canal would be 42 feet and this measurement was based on the level of the river in the dry season, when the river was only a few feet deep. In the rainy season the river could be instantly transformed into a torrent, rising ten feet in an hour. The cost of controlling so monstrous a force-if it could be done at all-was beyond reckoning." (76, McCullough)

Nicholas Joseph Adolphe Godin, chief engineer with the French Department of Bridges and Highways, agreed with one of the American delegates that the Chagres River needed to be bridged, though he decided for that to happen there needed to be dams creating two artificial lakes. These lakes would act like the lake in Nicaragua, when the Nicaragua plan was on the table. "There would be two artificial lakes, with flights of locks, like stairs, leading up to the lakes from the two oceans. As Lake Nicaragua was the essential element in the Nicaraguan plan, providing both easy navigation and an abundant source of water for the canal, so his man-made lakes would serve at Panama." (80, McCullough) These dams would allow the Charges River to flow into the lakes, providing an endless source of water for canal use. On May 28, 1879, Panama was pronounced the proper place for the canal and a sea-level canal was the type of canal that would be built.

After de Lesseps returned to France from his three month visit to where the canal would be built, he immediately started fundraising and propagandizing the campaign. De Lesseps and France were confident; they had exceptional engineers and the experience of the Suez Canal. Though, in Panama they had to improvise. Panama was infinitely more challenging than the Suez in every aspect except for the distance and any lesson that Suez provided was useless and a hindrance. The French had to go into a thickly matted jungle that had poisonous reptiles, jaguars and pumas, and tons of insects. The summer of 1881, the French also discovered another deadly obstacle in their canal project; yellow fever and malaria. By the end of 1881 there were 2,000 men at work, including office and technical staff. As the number of laborers increased so did the death rate. By the end of 1883, 1,300 laborers had died throughout the year. While progress was being made laborers would die, at times on average of 200 per month. (McCullough, 160-161)

The rate of sickness only got worse. The worst year for the French regime in Panama was 1885, where up to forty people per day died at times. (McCullough, 172) The death toll was not the only number increasing at a rapid rate, so too was the financial cost. De Lesseps’ efforts to raise the proper money were without comparison in his time. He was truly talented at raising money for his projects and inspired many of his countrymen. Unfortunately, the conditions kept getting more arduous in Panama and de Lesseps had to keep justifying to the French government to give him more money. While his efforts were valiant, on February 4, 1889, the shareholders of the original company assigned a liquidator and the French effort was brought to an end. De Lesseps could only whisper, “It is impossible! It is shameful!” (McCullough, 202)

While de Lesseps’ might have wanted to continue his legacy of the construction of important canals throughout the world, the U.S. had other reasons. President Theodore Roosevelt and Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan were obsessed with naval power. Sea power was necessary to facilitate trade and peaceful commerce, therefore, the country with the greatest sea power would be able to wield great influence on the world stage. Therefore, long coastlines, good harbors, and power over the Suez and the soon-to-be Panama Canal was essential. Mahan’s theories on sea power conflicted with another major geopolitical, that of Sir Halford Mackinder. Mackinder believed that spatial integration and advanced technology on the interiors of continents was essential. (http://www.list.org/~mdoyle/theory.html) Perhaps the U.S. followed Mackinder and Mahan, because before de Lesseps arrived in Panama to begin work on the canal, the U.S. controlled the Panama Railroad that went from Colon, on the Northern Atlantic side, to Panama City on the Southern Pacific side. The railroad in addition to the canal in 1914, allowed the U.S. to control nearly all commodities and ships going between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and vice versa.

The burgeoning U.S. fleet needed to be able to move between the Caribbean and Pacific easier than taking the 18,000 mile route around South America. Secretary of State John Hay went to Colombia to negotiate the terms in buying the region so that the U.S. could start construction in the Colombian province of Panama. The Colombian Congress rejected the offer. Roosevelt who did not think highly of the Colombian government, demonstrated in this quote: "We were dealing with a government of irresponsible bandits," Roosevelt stormed. "I was prepared to . . . at once occupy the Isthmus anyhow, and proceed to dig the canal. But I deemed it likely that there would be a revolution in Panama soon." (http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html)1 The U.S. sent battleships outside of Colon and Panama City to prevent the Colombian army from mobilizing, while the Panamanian rebels declared independence on November 3, 1903. The U.S. guaranteed sovereignty to Panama and paid them $10 million up front in order to have control over the canal zone.

The U.S. would end up building the canal through Panama, opening up on 1914, though not without more deaths from illnesses. The U.S. did though have Dr. Gorgas who had developed treatment for Malaria and Yellow Fever, which were the main source of diseases in the region. Unlike the French who had to improvise, the Americans learned from the mistakes the French engineers made and were not bogged down by Panama’s terrain. The U.S. also shifted the engineering plan from a sea-level canal to a lock canal. In total, the U.S. suffered over 5,000 worker deaths, bringing the total to over 25,000 for the whole project over the thirty year period of the canal’s construction.

Today, the Panama Canal faces a myriad of problems that need to be fixed, should the canal continue to be effective. Deforestation of the rainforest around the canal basin could lead to water loss. Considering the canal will be operating at maximum capacity all the time in 2009, due to increased trade between Asia and the Americas, fresh water used to fill the locks is emptying out at rapid rates. While this is not a concern during the wet season in Panama, during the dry season, between December and April, this could turn into a potential disaster. Deforestation can also hurt the burgeoning tourist industry, should most of the wildlife around the canal basin disappear. The other main problems that the Panama Canal faces today are the amount of ships that travel through the canal each day as well as the size of the ships. Last month, the Panamanian government decided to propose an enlargement program adding two more locks, one on the Atlantic side as well as the Pacific side. These locks will be able to increase the capacity of what the canal can handle, as well as provide enough room so that the post-Panamax ships that cannot fit through the current locks will be able to use the canal. Channels will be widened for these new locks and water reutilization plants will be established. Also, Gatun Lake is set to be deepened to increase water holding capacity. (Third Set of Locks Project, Fact Sheet)

一,案例背景

1 .摘要:

這個網(wǎng)站旨在剖析關(guān)鍵事件導致建造巴拿馬運河,并詳細某些環(huán)境和戰(zhàn)術(shù)問題,威脅運河的今天.網(wǎng)站歷史研究的人,為什么要興建巴拿馬運河和細節(jié)的努力,導致建造的運河.該網(wǎng)站也將詳述如何支持美國解放巴拿馬,具有決定性的戰(zhàn)略實施,完成南運河,并簡要概述事件,我們今天的局面,與運河.最后,該網(wǎng)站的目的,就如何把環(huán)境問題,森林和淡水的損失,同時威脅到維持運河以及其提案,以增加其容量,以滿足日益增長的需求.

2 .描述:

有一個強烈愿望,有一條運河,貫穿中美洲地峽初以來, 16世紀時,西班牙為主的地區(qū).他們試圖建立一個以運河,以達到一個更容易的途徑進入他們的殖民地,對大西洋和太平洋.雖然,西班牙政府已經(jīng)準備到位,沒有采取任何行動.利息加緊修筑一條運河黃金時,被發(fā)現(xiàn)在加州1848 .美國定居,尋找土地和黃金,想要一個便捷的路線比作艱苦跋涉,橫跨大陸,美國, 1850年,一個國際探險隊組成,哥倫比亞,法國,英國和美國去探索提出的索賠博士愛德華卡倫對如何跨越包括darien差距,最短距離潮流水域是大西洋和太平洋在美洲.美國探險隊,由海軍中尉艾薩株,提前抵達,并進入了包括darien差距卡倫的指導.大部分菌株的男人就死了誤導探險和應(yīng)變宣稱運河建成通過包括darien差距,是"不切實際" ( 2.69月22-23日) 1870年,司令托馬斯空降仿真了兩次考察,通過包括darien差距,并遵循卡倫博士的線索.而他的第一次探險隊遇到了許多困難,從大西洋到太平洋,他的探險了.空降仿真洞察力,對如何運河應(yīng)建說,它必須透過"禁" ,在海平面. ( 2.69 , 44 )

費迪南德瑪麗aranea不是一個工程師或建筑師,他是一個企業(yè)家開講. "他所有的神經(jīng),毅力,活力,人才,為宣傳,身份詐騙和想象力" ( 53歲, 2.69億)與卸任的社會態(tài)度和夢想堅定地德aranea取得建造蘇伊士運河發(fā)生.他是董事長兼總裁蘇伊士運河公司是8548監(jiān)護人的命運他的所有股東. 德aranea了迷人的夢羈市民著迷鐵路一樣,從巴黎到莫斯科到北京,或創(chuàng)造一個內(nèi)海,在撒哈拉大沙漠中突破了里奇對突尼斯的海灣加貝斯和洪水氣壓大小西班牙. ( 57 , 2.69 ) ,他能否有效地處理和利用這些錢,沒有其他人在他的時候.雖然,在1875年兩件事情.其一是英國控制了蘇伊士運河,而他仍然是總統(tǒng),他的影響力被削弱. 第二次發(fā)生的事件,他決定采取對工程建設(shè)的一條運河與太平洋和大西洋,在美洲.

在夏季, 1875年,德aranea宣布他的愿望,即建立一個跨大洋運河通過在美洲的法國地理學會的會員. ( 58 2.69 ) ,可在1879年,德aranea主持召開了各代表團, 22個國家在世界各地,討論戰(zhàn)術(shù),就如何建設(shè)運河.這個代表團,國際運河國會提出建議,向地板上的類型和地點.有爭論運河應(yīng)建于巴拿馬和尼加拉瓜.巴拿馬時,被選定后,另一個論點是,我們是否應(yīng)該海平面運河或運河船閘.德aranea宣布,它勢必要經(jīng)歷一個海平面運河.問題海平面運河被馬上從景觀,是運河將建成.這問題的根源是查格雷斯河. "絕對不可避免的,問題是河.任何運河在巴拿馬舉行了運河船閘,海平面運河將要過河至少一次.如果海平面運河被劃破,結(jié)果將是一個了不起白內(nèi)障.秋季河水入運河,將42英尺這種測量是基于一級河流在旱季時,河水只有幾英尺深.在雨季河水可瞬間轉(zhuǎn)化成洪流,上升10英尺,在一個小時.成本控制等彌天的力量, 如果它可以做到在所有被清算以后. " ( 76 , 2.69 )

尼古拉約瑟夫夫奧努丁總工程師法文系,橋梁和公路,同意一個美國代表說, 查格雷斯河需要加以彌合,但他決定為做到這一點,需要有水壩形成兩個人工湖.這些湖泊會像湖中,尼加拉瓜,在尼加拉瓜計劃是放在桌上. " ,將有兩個人工湖,同航班的鐵鎖,像樓梯,導致該湖由兩大洋.至于尼加拉瓜湖是必不可少的因素,在尼加拉瓜計劃,同時提供簡單易用的導航功能和豐富的水源供運河,所以他的人造湖泊將在巴拿馬. " ( 80 , 2.69 ) ,這些水壩將使收費河流流入湖泊,提供了無盡的水源使用運河.于1879年5月28日,巴拿馬宣告各得其所,為運河和海平面運河類型運河將建成.

經(jīng)過德aranea返回法國,從他3個月的訪問,而運河將建成后,他立即開始籌款和宣傳活動. aranea德和法國人的信心;他們有著非凡的工程師和經(jīng)驗豐富的蘇伊士運河.雖然,在巴拿馬只好湊合.巴拿馬是無限的難度大于蘇伊士在各個方面,除了距離和任何教訓蘇伊士提供的是沒用的一個障礙.法國已經(jīng)到了一個厚厚但這就是弱肉強食了有毒的爬行動物,美洲虎和美洲獅,一噸昆蟲.夏天, 1881年,法國又發(fā)現(xiàn)了另一個致命的障礙,他們在運河工程;黃熱病和瘧疾.截至1881年共有2000名男子在工作,包括辦公室和技術(shù)人員.隨著一系列的勞動者增加,所以沒有死亡率.截至1883年, 1300名華工死于貫穿全年.而正在取得進展,勞動者會死的時候,平均每月200 . ( 2.69 , 160-161 )

率病只有越變越糟.最差的一年,法國政權(quán)巴拿馬是1885年,有多達40人,每天死亡的時候. ( 2.69 , 172 ) ,死亡人數(shù)不僅數(shù)量增長快,所以也被財務(wù)費用.德aranea '努力提高妥善錢比較,在他的時候.他是真正的天才,在籌錢,為他的計劃,并激發(fā)他的許多同胞.不幸的是,保存條件越來越艱苦,在巴拿馬和de aranea保持了理向法國政府給他更多的錢.而他的努力得到了英勇的,對1889年2月4日,股東對原公司指定清算人和法國努力告一段落.德 aranea只能嘀咕, "這是不可能的!實在可恥! " ( 2.69 , 202 )

而德aranea '也許是想繼續(xù)他所遺留下來的建筑重要的,運河在世界各地,美國也有其他原因.總統(tǒng)羅斯福和隊長阿爾弗雷德馬漢厭倦了癡迷的海軍實力.海上力量是必要的, 以促進貿(mào)易和商業(yè)的和平,因此,該國最大的海上力量將能發(fā)揮很大的影響力在世界舞臺上.因此,有漫長的海岸線,優(yōu)良的港口,電力超過蘇伊士運河和不久將巴拿馬運河是必不可少的.馬漢的理論,對海權(quán)的沖突,與另一家大型緣,爵士mackinder排出. mackinder認為,空間整合和先進技術(shù)對內(nèi)飾大洲是必不可少的. ( http://www.list.org/ ~ mdoyle / theory.html )也許美國走mackinder和馬漢,因為在此之前德aranea抵達巴拿馬開始工作,對運河,美國控制巴拿馬鐵路, 1814年結(jié)腸癌,對北部大西洋一方,在巴拿馬市對南大西洋方面.鐵路除了運河, 1914年允許美國幾乎控制所有商品和船只來往太平洋和大西洋,反之亦然.

新興的美國艦隊必須能夠來往于加勒比海和太平洋地區(qū)較容易以 18000英里的路線周圍南美洲.國務(wù)卿約翰海伊前往哥倫比亞進行談判的條件,買區(qū)域,使美國可以動工,在哥倫比亞省的巴拿馬.哥倫比亞國會拒絕了.羅斯福沒有瞧得起哥倫比亞政府表明,在此引述他的話: "我們打交道的政府不負責任的土匪, "羅斯福破門. "我當時準備.一下子占據(jù)地峽無論如何,并著手挖掘運河.但我認為它有可能將是一場革命,巴拿馬很快. " ( http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html ) 1美國派出戰(zhàn)艦之外結(jié)腸癌和巴拿馬市,以防止哥倫比亞軍隊調(diào)動,而巴拿馬叛軍宣布獨立, 1903年11月3日.美國保證主權(quán)巴拿馬向他們支付1000萬美元的前面,以控制運河區(qū).

美國落得建設(shè)運河通過巴拿馬,開放的1914年, 雖然沒有更多的人死于疾病.美國雖然沒有博士gorgas曾研制治療瘧疾和黃熱病,其中主要來源地區(qū)的傳染病.不同于法國人來了一段即興,美國人的錯誤中汲取經(jīng)驗,法國工程師了,并沒有陷入巴拿馬的地形.美國也轉(zhuǎn)向工程計劃從海平面運河鎖定運河.總起來,美國遭受了5000多名工人死亡,使總數(shù)達到 25000多名,為整個工程在過去30年期間,運河的建造.

今天,運河面臨著很多問題,需要加以固定,如果運河繼續(xù)有效.砍伐雨林圍繞運河流域可能導致水土流失.考慮到運河將滿負荷運行的所有時間,在2009年,由于之間的貿(mào)易增加,亞洲和美洲,淡水用來填補門鎖是排空出高速率.雖然這不是一個關(guān)注的雨季期間,在巴拿馬,每逢旱季, 12月至4月,這可能變成一個潛在的災難.毀林也傷害了蓬勃發(fā)展的旅游業(yè),應(yīng)大多數(shù)野生圍繞運河流域消失.另一個主要問題是巴拿馬運河今天面臨數(shù)額的船只穿越運河每天以及大小船只.上個月,巴政府已經(jīng)決定提出的擴大計劃,并增加了兩個鎖,一個是關(guān)于大西洋方以及太平洋側(cè).這些鎖,將能夠提高能力,有什么運河能處理,以及提供足夠的空間,使后巴拿馬型船舶不能適合通過這次鎖,將能夠使用運河.渠道將拓寬為這些新的門鎖和中水回用廠,將被建立.同時, gatun湖設(shè)為深化,以增加蓄水能力. (第三套船閘工程概況)

如何用命令行實現(xiàn)TortoiseSVN命令

TortoiseSVN是一個GUI客戶端，這個自動化指導為你展示了讓TortoiseSVN對話框顯示并收集客戶輸入，如果你希望編寫不需要輸入的腳本，你應(yīng)該使用官方的Subversion命令行客戶端。

TortoiseSVN的GUI程序叫做TortoiseProc.exe。所有的命令通過參數(shù)/command:asdf指定，其中asdf是必須的命令名（命令名詳見”表 1. 有效命令及選項列表“）。大多數(shù)此類命令至少需要一個路徑參數(shù)，使用/path:"some\path"指定。在下面的命令表格中，命令引用的是/command:asdf參數(shù)，余下的代表了/path:"some\path"參數(shù)。

因為一些命令需要一個目標路徑的列表(例如提交一些特定的文件)，/path參數(shù)可以接收多個路徑，使用*分割。

TortoiseSVN 使用臨時文件在 shell 擴展和主程序之間傳遞多個參數(shù)。從 TortoiseSVN 1.5.0 開始，廢棄/notempfile參數(shù)，不再需要增加此參數(shù)。

The progress dialog which is used for commits, updates and many more commands usually stays open after the command has finished until the user presses theOK button. This can be changed by checking the corresponding option in the settings dialog. But using that setting will close the progress dialog, no matter if you start the command from your batch file or from the TortoiseSVN context menu.

To specify a different location of the configuration file, use the parameter /configdir:"path\to\config\directory". This will override the default path, including any registry setting.

如果想在進度對話框執(zhí)行完畢后自動關(guān)閉，而又不必設(shè)置永久性的參數(shù)，可以傳遞/closeonend參數(shù)。

/closeonend:0 不自動關(guān)閉對話框

/closeonend:1 如果沒發(fā)生錯誤則自動關(guān)閉對話框

/closeonend:2 如果沒發(fā)生錯誤和沖突則自動關(guān)閉對話框

/closeonend:3如果沒有錯誤、沖突和合并，會自動關(guān)閉

下面的列表列出了所有可以使用TortoiseProc.exe訪問的命令，就像上面的描述，必須使用/command:asdf的形式，在列表中，因為節(jié)省空間的關(guān)系省略了/command的前綴。

表 1. 有效命令及選項列表

命令

描述

:about 顯示關(guān)于對話框。如果沒有給命令也會顯示。

:log 打開日志對話框，/path 指定了顯示日志的文件或目錄，另外還有三個選項可以設(shè)置: /startrev:xxx、/endrev:xxx和/strict

:checkout 打開檢出對話框，/path指定了目標路徑，而/url制定了檢出的URL。

:import 打開導入對話框，/path 指定了數(shù)據(jù)導入路徑。

:update 將工作副本的/path更新到HEAD，如果給定參數(shù)/rev，就會彈出一個對話框詢問用戶需要更新到哪個修訂版本。為了防止指定修訂版本號/rev:1234的對話框，需要選項/nonrecursive和/ignoreexternals。

:commit 打開提交對話框，/path 指定了目標路徑或需要提交的文件列表，你也可以使用參數(shù) /logmsg 給提交窗口傳遞預定義的日志信息，或者你不希望將日志傳遞給命令行，你也可以使用/logmsgfile:path，path 指向了保存日志信息的文件。為了預先填入bug的ID(如果你設(shè)置了集成bug追蹤屬性)，你可以使用/bugid:"the bug id here"完成這個任務(wù)。

:add 將/path的文件添加到版本控制 。

:revert 恢復工作副本的本地修改，/path說明恢復哪些條目。

:cleanup 清理中斷和終止的操作，將工作副本的/path解鎖。

:resolve 將/path指定文件的沖突標示為解決，如果給定/noquestion，解決不會向用戶確認操作。

:repocreate 在/path創(chuàng)建一個版本庫。

:switch 打開選項對話框。/path 指定目標目錄。

:export 將/path的工作副本導出到另一個目錄，如果/path指向另一個未版本控制目錄，對話框會詢問要導出到/path的URL。

:merge Opens the merge dialog. The /path specifies the target directory. For merging a revision range, the following options are available: /fromurl:URL, /revrange:string. For merging two repository trees, the following options are available: /fromurl:URL, /tourl:URL, /fromrev:xxx and /torev:xxx. These pre-fill the relevant fields in the merge dialog.

:mergeall Opens the merge all dialog. The /path specifies the target directory.

:copy Brings up the branch/tag dialog. The /path is the working copy to branch/tag from. And the /url is the target URL. You can also specify the /logmsg switch to pass a predefined log message to the branch/tag dialog. Or, if you don't want to pass the log message on the command line, use /logmsgfile:path, where path points to a file containing the log message.

:settings 打開設(shè)置對話框。

:remove 從版本控制里移除/path中的文件。

:rename 重命名/path的文件，會在對話框中詢問新文件，為了防止一個步驟中詢問相似文件，傳遞/noquestion。

:diff Starts the external diff program specified in the TortoiseSVN settings. The /path specifies the first file. If the option /path2 is set, then the diff program is started with those two files. If /path2 is omitted, then the diff is done between the file in /path and its BASE. To explicitly set the revision numbers use /startrev:xxx and /endrev:xxx. If/blame is set and /path2 is not set, then the diff is done by first blaming the files with the given revisions.

:showcompare

Depending on the URLs and revisions to compare, this either shows a unified diff (if the option unified is set), a dialog with a list of files that have changed or if the URLs point to files starts the diff viewer for those two files.

The options url1, url2, revision1 and revision2 must be specified. The options pegrevision, ignoreancestry, blame and unified are optional.

:conflicteditor Starts the conflict editor specified in the TortoiseSVN settings with the correct files for the conflicted file in /path.

:relocate 打開重**對話框，/path指定了重**的工作副本路徑。

:help 打開幫助文件

:repostatus 打開為修改檢出對話框，/path 指定了工作副本目錄。

:repobrowser Starts the repository browser dialog, pointing to the URL of the working copy given in /path or /path points directly to an URL. An additional option /rev:xxx can be used to specify the revision which the repository browser should show. If the /rev:xxx is omitted, it defaults to HEAD. If /path points to an URL, the /projectpropertiespath:path/to/wcspecifies the path from where to read and use the project properties.

:ignore 將/path中的對象加入到忽略列表，也就是將這些文件添加到 svn:ignore 屬性。

:blame

為 /path 選項指定的文件打開追溯對話框。

如果設(shè)置了 /startrev 和 /endrev 選項，不會顯示詢問追溯范圍對話框，直接使用這些選項中的版本號。

如果設(shè)置了 /line:nnn 選項，TortoiseBlame 會顯示指定行數(shù)。

也支持 /ignoreeol，/ignorespaces 和 /ignoreallspaces 選項。

:cat 將/path指定的工作副本或URL的文件保存到/savepath:path，修訂版本號在/revision:xxx，這樣可以得到特定修訂版本的文件。

:createpatch 創(chuàng)建/path下的補丁文件。

:revisiongraph 顯示/path目錄下的版本變化圖。

:lock Locks a file or all files in a directory given in /path. The 'lock' dialog is shown so the user can enter a comment for the lock.

:unlock Unlocks a file or all files in a directory given in /path.

:rebuildiconcache Rebuilds the windows icon cache. Only use this in case the windows icons are corrupted. A side effect of this (which can't be avoided) is that the icons on the desktop get rearranged. To suppress the message box, pass /noquestion.

:properties 顯示 /path 給出的路徑之屬性對話框。

Examples (which should be entered on one line):

TortoiseProc.exe /command:commit

/path:"c:\svn_wc\file1.txt*c:\svn_wc\file2.txt"

/logmsg:"test log message" /closeonend:0

TortoiseProc.exe /command:update /path:"c:\svn_wc\" /closeonend:0

TortoiseProc.exe /command:log /path:"c:\svn_wc\file1.txt"

/startrev:50 /endrev:60 /closeonend:0