cautionary是什么意思,cautionary中文翻譯,cautionary發(fā)音、用法及例句
?cautionary
cautionary發(fā)音
英:[?k?:??n?r?] 美:[?k????n?r?]
英: 美:
cautionary中文意思翻譯
adj.警戒的, 警告的
cautionary常見(jiàn)例句
1 、If you are going straight out, watch and listen closely for the many fishing boats that use this bay as a launch site (a cautionary dive flag float is recommended).───如果你走第一條線路,仔細(xì)留心許多以此灣作為起航點(diǎn)的漁船(建議使用潛水警示浮標(biāo)以防意外)。
2 、Her experiences provide a cautionary tale(= a warning)for us all.───她的經(jīng)歷成了我們大家的前車之鑒。
3 、The media usually publicise only executions that are deemed by the government to have some wider cautionary value.───媒體通常只公布一些有廣泛警示作用的死刑。
4 、The procedure, quality requirements and cautionary items during manufacturing chrome-tanned goat skin full grain garment leather were discussed and summarized in this paper.───對(duì)鉻鞣山羊正面服裝革的生產(chǎn)工藝、質(zhì)量要求及生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的注意事項(xiàng)進(jìn)行了討論和總結(jié)。
5 、That said, Stevenson has some cautionary comments: The first is that these companies need to find new markets....and not all fresh ventures will succeed.───不過(guò),史蒂文森有一些謹(jǐn)慎的評(píng)論說(shuō):第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是,這些公司需要尋找新的市場(chǎng)....而且并非所有新鮮糧食企業(yè)將獲得成功。
6 、The cautionary tale of Gordon Brown, an avowedly prudent chancellor who turned profligate, must now be burnt into Britain's political culture.───代替它們破壞性最小的方法或許是增加商品增值稅,最好通過(guò)擴(kuò)大征稅基礎(chǔ)(比如,將食品包含在內(nèi),通常食品消費(fèi)不加增值稅),而不是增加稅率。
7 、3. Street signs in the United States follow a simple pattern of shapes and colors: Yellow triangles are cautionary, red octagons are imperatives, and green rectangles are informative.───在美國(guó),街道上的標(biāo)志牌采用了形狀和顏色的簡(jiǎn)單組合模式,即**三角形表示警告,紅色八角形表示強(qiáng)制,綠色長(zhǎng)方形表示通告。
8 、The cautionary tale here comes from the bitter 2000 race.Five days before the election, the story bubbled up that George Bush had been arrested in 1976 for drunken driving.───這個(gè)預(yù)警故事來(lái)自于2000年的大選:離選舉只有五天的時(shí)候,流言四起,說(shuō)1976年喬治布什因?yàn)榫坪箝_(kāi)車被逮捕。
9 、The attempts to use water hyacinths to combat algae in Dian Lake provide a cautionary tale about the consequences of the loss of ecological balance.───而滇池引入水葫蘆治理藍(lán)藻失敗的故事,更是直觀地說(shuō)明了生態(tài)平衡被打破之后的嚴(yán)重后果。
10 、That a billion-euro property plan and a gaudy wedding celebration should be held up as cautionary exemplars of Ireland's pursuit of money angers Mr.Dunne.───總值10億歐元的房地產(chǎn)計(jì)畫(huà)和眩目俗艷的婚禮慶?;顒?dòng),應(yīng)被當(dāng)成愛(ài)爾蘭追求金錢的殷鑑,讓唐恩火冒三丈。
11 、So, this absolutely dramatizes that when Susan issues a cautionary to Lincoln and that goes unheeded, this is the result.───我們?cè)瓉?lái)的計(jì)劃是讓她出演整季,但在幾次被高層駁回后,我們不得不重新構(gòu)思并且讓她的角色被殺掉。
12 、The procedure, quality requirements and cautionary items during manufacturing shrinkage goat skin for shoe upper leather were discussed and summarized in this paper.───對(duì)山羊皮縮紋鞋面革的生產(chǎn)工藝,質(zhì)量要求及生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的注意事項(xiàng)進(jìn)行了討論和總結(jié)。
13 、A usually short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing as characters animals that speak and act like human beings.───寓言一種通常短小的故事,用來(lái)表示啟發(fā)或謹(jǐn)慎的觀點(diǎn),常利用說(shuō)話或有人的行為的動(dòng)物為角色
14 、Standard Specification for Cautionary Labeling of Portable Kerosine and Diesel Containers for Consumer Use───用戶用便攜式煤油容器的警告標(biāo)薟
15 、Whiteman says that she did not object when the White House edited out cautionary notes by EPA scientists.───懷特曼說(shuō)她不反對(duì)白宮刪掉美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)委員會(huì)科學(xué)家的警告性的詞語(yǔ)。
16 、It is important to add a cautionary note here.───在這里增加警戒的筆記是重要的。
17 、But what was intended as a cautionary tale was taken by some readers as blaming the victims.───不過(guò),這個(gè)意在警世的故事,一些讀者解讀為作者怪罪受害者。
18 、Nowitzki's injury, and what it means to Dallas, serves as a cautionary tale to Jackson and Lakers, who have their own injury issues.───諾維茨基受傷,這對(duì)達(dá)拉斯的傷害正如同有著同樣傷病問(wèn)題的湖人一樣。
19 、And the cautionary measures and the universal maintain methods for Au-Si surface barrier detector have been specified.───同時(shí),還敘述了金硅面壘探測(cè)器的維護(hù)保養(yǎng)方法和使用注意事項(xiàng)。
20 、At the heart of this cautionary tale sits the cigar-chomping Mr Cayne, who revelled in his firm's image as Wall Street's scrappy outsider.───大聲嚼著雪茄的凱恩先生,在這個(gè)引人警戒的故事中,是個(gè)中心人物,他酷愛(ài)其公司作為華爾街好斗的局外人形象。
21 、Globalization of Agriculture: Cautionary Note from the Rice Trade───農(nóng)業(yè)的全球化:大米貿(mào)易的警示
22 、By way of a cautionary tale, it's worth reading the ``Which is the largest species of crocodile?───通過(guò)一個(gè)警告?zhèn)髡f(shuō), 它是值得讀"是鱷魚(yú)的最大的種類?
23 、Pay close attention to the cautionary statements for each trick.───對(duì)每個(gè)技巧,要密切注意警誡性的陳述。
24 、Next week, the Census Bureau will publish official poverty figures for 2008 with a cautionary note about the shortcomings.───下周,人口普查局將公布2008年政府貧困數(shù)字同時(shí)提出有關(guān)缺陷的警示公告。
25 、MySpace, which was bought by News Corp in 2005, offers a cautionary tale.───新聞集團(tuán)在2005年收購(gòu)的MySpace就是一個(gè)前車之鑒。
26 、A cautionary or deterrent example.───警告或前車之鑒
27 、The guideline was released last year at the time when the dot. Com frenzy was at its peak - but the cautionary notes uttered have largely stood the test of time───指引是在去年網(wǎng)股熱盛極一時(shí)的時(shí)候發(fā)出,但其中提及的審慎措施大體上都經(jīng)得起時(shí)間考驗(yàn)
28 、All of science fiction are cautionary tales.─── 所有的科幻作品都是警世寓言
29 、The outcry the software plan has provoked is a cautionary tale for the fastest-growing major economy.───激起大聲疾呼的軟件計(jì)劃對(duì)快速成長(zhǎng)的大國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)而言,是一個(gè)值得警惕的故事。
30 、And that is why HP also provides a second cautionary lesson.───正因?yàn)槿绱耍萜找步o了我們第二條警示。
31 、“This is a cautionary tale for the plasticity of adult stem cells, not their safety,” he asserts.───但是他也承認(rèn),那些實(shí)驗(yàn)是在實(shí)驗(yàn)室細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)皿上進(jìn)行的,并不一定表示在活體生物體內(nèi)也會(huì)如此。
32 、"While acetaminophen is generally presumed to be safe, the study findings, while preliminary, are cautionary," Nish says.───"當(dāng)使用對(duì)**氨基酚時(shí)通常被認(rèn)為是安全的,,而初步的研究的結(jié)果只是警示,"尼斯說(shuō)。
33 、It is only too easy to consider yourself immortal after you have imbibed rather too freely. This is the cautionary tale of jimmy anderson.───毫無(wú)節(jié)制地豪飲之后很容易想像自己變成不朽。下面是關(guān)于吉米.安德森的具有警示性的故事。
34 、Some Cautionary Notes about Triggers───使用觸發(fā)器的注意事項(xiàng)
35 、Please practice cautionary measures and tell anyone that may have access to your computer. Forward this warning to everyone that you know that might access the Internet.───請(qǐng)?zhí)岣呔涠炔⒏嬖V任何能與你通信的計(jì)算機(jī)。把這個(gè)警告寄給你所知道的任何可以訪問(wèn)因特網(wǎng)的朋友。
36 、Right, that's quite enough cautionary tales.───確實(shí),有太多給人敲響警鐘的例子。
37 、A cautionary tale; cautionary advice.───警誡性的事件;忠告
38 、An elusive fly and a single-minded bear team up to make dinner a disaster in this comic, cautionary tale that highlights the hazards of losing your temper.───一只逃跑的蒼蠅和一頭一心一意吃晚餐的熊,合演了一場(chǎng)鬧劇.說(shuō)的是亂發(fā)脾氣的危害,勸人適當(dāng)控制情緒,以避免災(zāi)難......
39 、The best science fiction are cautionary tales.─── 最好的科幻作品都是警示寓言
40 、a cautionary tale about the problems of buying a computer───有關(guān)購(gòu)買計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)可能遇到種種問(wèn)題的告誡
41 、The shift “provides a cautionary note on signalling a recovery prematurely”, he said. “Before we see real improvement we believe we need to see sustainable deceleration in foreclosures.”───他表示,這一轉(zhuǎn)變“敲響了警鐘,告誡我們不要過(guò)早發(fā)出市場(chǎng)復(fù)蘇的信號(hào)”。“我們相信,我們需要首先看到贖回權(quán)喪失數(shù)的持續(xù)下降,才能迎來(lái)市場(chǎng)的真正改善?!?/p>
42 、The Aral Sea offers a cautionary tale about the challenges of effective environmental peacemaking.───咸海是一個(gè)很好教訓(xùn),向我們展示出了通過(guò)環(huán)境合作締造和平所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。
43 、Japan is a cautionary tale for anyone with an eye for green shoots.───任何認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)出現(xiàn)復(fù)蘇萌芽的人,都應(yīng)以日本為戒。
44 、Unfortunately, she's too young to understand that you're a cautionary tale.─── 很遺憾 她現(xiàn)在還太小 不明白你是個(gè)反例
45 、cautionary characteristic───警告特征
46 、cautionary obligation───保證債務(wù)
47 、a cautionary tale───警誡性的事件
48 、a usually short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing as characters animals that speak and act like human beings───寓言;一種通常短小的故事,用來(lái)表示啟發(fā)或謹(jǐn)慎的觀點(diǎn),常利用說(shuō)話或有人的行為的動(dòng)物為角色
49 、If you are going straight out, watch and listen closely for the many fishing boats that use this bay as a launch (start) site and use a cautionary dive flag float.───如果你走第一條線路,留心那些以此灣作為起航點(diǎn)的漁船。
50 、If you do not want to see any cautionary messages for Find and Replace, clear this option.───如果不希望看到有關(guān)“查找和替換”的任何警告性消息,請(qǐng)清除此選項(xiàng)。
51 、3. Whiteman says that she did not object when the White House edited out cautionary notes by EPA scientists.───懷特曼說(shuō)她不反對(duì)白宮刪掉美國(guó)**委員會(huì)科學(xué)家的警告性的詞語(yǔ)。
52 、Parmalat instead became another cautionary tale about a secretive family-controlled company that profited from weak reporting rules in order to ignore investor demands.───相反,帕瑪拉特公司也成了又一個(gè)讓人警覺(jué)的故事。據(jù)說(shuō),這家由家族操縱的公司行事隱秘,利用薄弱的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告規(guī)定獲益,以便回避投資者的需求。
53 、If the intensity of cautionary signal lasts from beginning to end changeless, become drab stimulation namely, with respect to the trend that generation is restrained or can ignore;───如果警戒信號(hào)的強(qiáng)度始終持續(xù)不變,即成為單調(diào)刺激,就會(huì)產(chǎn)生抑制或忽視的傾向;
54 、You know cautionary tales don't work on me.─── 你知道警世故事對(duì)我不管用
55 、S Dollar (12-week low) as it continues to shed it’s haven status, investors heeding cautionary comments of a continually declining and fragile global economy.───鑒于全球經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)惡化和極度脆弱,投資者采取謹(jǐn)慎的交易態(tài)度。
56 、Standard Specification for Cautionary Labeling of Extension Poles For Use With Paint Applicators Distributed In North America───分布于北美與油漆敷抹器一起使用的延長(zhǎng)桿的警戒標(biāo)識(shí)規(guī)范
57 、The works of Bell, Mann, and Honig also contain a cautionary message.───夏明德、曼素恩、韓起瀾的研究也涵蓋了這樣警戒信息。
58 、Scientists say its fate represents a cautionary tale much like that of its heavily harvested forerunner, orange roughy.───科學(xué)家說(shuō),牠的命運(yùn)是一個(gè)警世故事,與先前被大量濫捕的紐西蘭紅魚(yú)類似。
59 、Electric Lamps - Use of Protective Shields with Tungsten-Halogen Lamps - Cautionary Notice───鎢鹵素?zé)舴雷o(hù)罩使用的注意事項(xiàng)
60 、My wife likes to tell me this place is a cautionary tale.─── 我妻子總對(duì)我說(shuō)這地方就是則警世通言
61 、In her conclusion, the author sounds a cautionary note.───作者在結(jié)尾時(shí)敲響了警鐘。
62 、Cautionary Notes for PSC Inspections on Ship Security───PSC檢查中有關(guān)船舶保安內(nèi)容的注意事項(xiàng)
63 、Standard Specification for Cautionary Labeling of Portable Gasoline Containers for Consumer Use───用戶使用的便攜式汽油容器的警告標(biāo)薟
64 、Which is why a study, called Interphone, provides a cautionary tale.───名為Interphone的這項(xiàng)研究令人深思。
65 、"The system wants electrified " , afore-mentioned two induce again a such words that have demand interest, can serve as the cautionary word of the leader of executive system very much.───“制度要帶電”,把上述兩句再歸納成這樣一句具有要求意味的話,很可作為執(zhí)行制度的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的警戒之言。
66 、' Its derailment offers a cautionary tale about China policy risk at a time when new efforts are under way to channel Chinese liquidity into Hong Kong stocks.───在有關(guān)方面正致力于出臺(tái)新舉措將大陸的流動(dòng)資金引入香港股市之際,港股直通車出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題向人們警示了中國(guó)的政策風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
67 、More of a cautionary tale than a student.─── 相比起學(xué)生 她更像是個(gè)教訓(xùn)故事
68 、Invited to compare the Chelsea of2004-5 with the great teams of the past, Souness sounded a cautionary note.───在被邀請(qǐng)將本賽季的切爾西和前記錄保持隊(duì)伍進(jìn)行比較時(shí),索內(nèi)斯出言謹(jǐn)慎。
69 、IT WAS once seen as a model for Chinese firms eager to take on the world, but is now considered more of a cautionary tale.───(它曾被急于走向世界的中國(guó)企業(yè)看做是一種模式,但是現(xiàn)在它卻被更多得看做是一個(gè)給人警示的故事。
70 、Turn this island into the next cautionary tale.─── 讓這座島只存在於警世傳說(shuō)中
71 、cautionary tale───警示故事
72 、This isn't a mechanic. It's a cautionary tale.─── 這不是修理店 而是警示故事
73 、Select this option to display all cautionary Find and Replace messages that have the Always show this message option.───選擇此選項(xiàng)將顯示所有“查找和替換”警告性消息,并提供“總是顯示此消息”選項(xiàng)。
74 、He does tell his boss of his misgivings (and now publishes a cautionary 2002 memo about post-war Iraq), but Mr Powell and the entire State Department are isolated.───他確實(shí)和他的上級(jí)談了他的疑慮(而且現(xiàn)在公開(kāi)了一份寫于2002年的關(guān)于戰(zhàn)后伊拉克的警戒性備忘錄),但是MrPowell和整個(gè)國(guó)務(wù)院被孤立了。
75 、Keywords vegetable-tanned cattle skin full grain shoe upper leather;manufacturing procedure;quality requirement;cautionary items;───全植鞣黃牛全粒面革;生產(chǎn)工藝;質(zhì)量要求;注意事項(xiàng);
76 、Cautionary Notes for Drug Delivering Enterprises Selling Vaccine───淺析藥品批發(fā)企業(yè)從事疫苗經(jīng)營(yíng)的注意事項(xiàng)
77 、As the British pound continues to sink, its travails are a cautionary tale for the U.S. dollar.───隨著英鎊繼續(xù)下滑,其經(jīng)歷的陣痛對(duì)美元應(yīng)該是個(gè)警示。
78 、By means of water supply &drainage design of supermarkets such as Walmart Supercenter and East Home Building Material Superstore, some cautionary points in design are summarized in this article.───通過(guò)對(duì)南昌萬(wàn)達(dá)沃爾瑪購(gòu)物廣場(chǎng)、東方家園建材超市南昌店等大型倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)式超市的給排水設(shè)計(jì),總結(jié)在此類設(shè)計(jì)中值得注意的問(wèn)題。
79 、So there you go, bit of a cautionary tale.─── 就是這樣 一個(gè)小小的警世寓言
80 、Cautionary advice or counsel; an admonition.───警告性建議或意見(jiàn);警告
81 、A growing number of cautionary voices from the world of mental health research are saying it isn't.───世界各地越來(lái)越多的心理研究表明,這并非是個(gè)好主意。
82 、Keywords shrinkage goat skin for shoe upper leather;manufacturing procedure;quality requirement;cautionary items;───山羊皮縮紋革;生產(chǎn)工藝;質(zhì)量要求;注意事項(xiàng);
83 、You're the best cautionary tale a girl could ask for.─── 你簡(jiǎn)直是世界上最好的警示故事
84 、cautionary measures───注意措施預(yù)防措施
85 、Explain understands unemployed cordon to should include two fields surely really, namely what cordon itself is decided really and cautionary interval dividing line nods is affirmatory.───闡明了失業(yè)警戒線的確定應(yīng)包括兩個(gè)方面,即警戒線本身的確定和警戒區(qū)間分界點(diǎn)的確定。
86 、6. "While acetaminophen is generally presumed to be safe, the study findings, while preliminary, are cautionary," Nish says.───"當(dāng)使用對(duì)**氨基酚時(shí)通常被認(rèn)為是安全的,,而初步的研究的結(jié)果只是警示,"尼斯說(shuō)。收藏指正
87 、CAUTIONARY STATEMENT: Estimates, expectations, and business plans in this release are forward-looking statements.───警戒性聲明:本新聞稿中的估計(jì)、預(yù)期及業(yè)務(wù)計(jì)劃均為前瞻性聲明。
88 、Those who laud the Chinesecultural bias for savings might also discover a cautionary tale inthe recent circumstances of Hong Kong's rich.───那些贊美中國(guó)勤儉節(jié)約文化的人們可能還會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),香港富人狀況最近出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)值得注意的變化。
89 、Tanya's mother's story was one among many, a cautionary tale illustrating just one of the rules I would need to be aware of when I joined the immortal world.───坦尼婭的母親的故事也是我增長(zhǎng)認(rèn)識(shí)的故事之一,這個(gè)警示性故事給我將來(lái)加入這個(gè)不朽的群體時(shí),所要遵從的基本原則。;
90 、Cautionary problems in the process of the state-owned hospital's restructuring───公立醫(yī)院體制改革過(guò)程中值得注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題
如何評(píng)價(jià)姚貝娜的遺作cautionary tale
我們聽(tīng)多了一些音樂(lè)人講的類似的故事:即某種歌太難唱,他們?cè)嚵撕芏嘀枋指悴欢?,最后?qǐng)姚貝娜來(lái),立馬搞定。仿佛姚貝總是扮演最后的大Boss的角色。
比如三寶,在影視圈音樂(lè)圈都是一個(gè)重量級(jí)音樂(lè)人,好作品不勝枚數(shù),《不見(jiàn)不散》《暗香》等都是他的作品。在姚貝娜還沒(méi)從中國(guó)音樂(lè)學(xué)院畢業(yè)的時(shí)候,三寶就請(qǐng)姚貝出演他的音樂(lè)劇《金沙》的女一號(hào)。據(jù)說(shuō)原因是因?yàn)榇藙⌒梢舫虖?fù)雜,三寶找了一些國(guó)內(nèi)女歌手沒(méi)搞定,從日本找了擅長(zhǎng)此類音樂(lè)劇的歌手,半小時(shí)后搖頭說(shuō)不行,最后聽(tīng)撈仔推薦找來(lái)姚貝娜試音,結(jié)果15分鐘后姚貝就說(shuō)老師我會(huì)唱了。
比如姚貝去世后舉報(bào)后冒出來(lái)的未發(fā)表遺作 Looting of a fool等四首。下面是音樂(lè)人馬克的話:Canum Entertainment音樂(lè)劇
順便說(shuō)一句,Looting of a fool 聽(tīng)著真的太生猛太過(guò)癮了,你能想象唱這么生猛的金屬搖滾歌的人,是唱甄嬛的嗎?
補(bǔ)充音樂(lè)制作人馬克最新發(fā)表的評(píng)價(jià),就是他邀請(qǐng)姚貝來(lái)唱音樂(lè)劇
對(duì)統(tǒng)計(jì)損傷強(qiáng)度理論的認(rèn)識(shí)
5.9.1 連續(xù)損傷力學(xué)簡(jiǎn)介
巖石統(tǒng)計(jì)損傷理論基于纖維束模型。該模型最早由Perice在1926年提出[53],認(rèn)為材料由大量長(zhǎng)度相等、強(qiáng)度不等的纖維組成,各根纖維相互平行,在側(cè)向相互獨(dú)立。一根纖維斷裂,相當(dāng)于在材料中形成微裂紋形式的局部斷裂,不再承載;但它通常并不引起整個(gè)纖維束的斷裂。材料的宏觀載荷平均分布在沒(méi)有斷裂的纖維束上,因而纖維承載的實(shí)際應(yīng)力要大于名義應(yīng)力,即載荷與纖維束總面積的比值。這種模型固然粗糙,但對(duì)于定性理解材料的力學(xué)行為和破壞機(jī)理,尤其是對(duì)于材料的拉伸破壞行為[54],具有一定的意義。
Weibull的強(qiáng)度統(tǒng)計(jì)理論得到廣泛應(yīng)用。設(shè)纖維束的強(qiáng)度是拉伸應(yīng)變?chǔ)诺姆植己瘮?shù),那么在應(yīng)變?chǔ)艜r(shí),已經(jīng)斷裂的纖維所占比例是
巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)
相應(yīng)的強(qiáng)度概率密度函數(shù)是
巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)
如果所有的纖維都具有相同的楊氏模量E0(當(dāng)然也可以假設(shè)不同強(qiáng)度的纖維具有不同的楊氏模量),那么未斷裂的纖維承載的應(yīng)力是E0ε,拉伸過(guò)程中名義應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變關(guān)系為
巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)
Kachonov提出用連續(xù)度的概念描述材料的漸進(jìn)損傷,認(rèn)為材料的劣化是微缺陷導(dǎo)致的有效承載面積的減小[55]。值得注意的是,有效承載面積已經(jīng)綜合考慮了缺陷處的應(yīng)力集中和相互作用,因而并不是一個(gè)實(shí)際的幾何參數(shù)。外加載荷F與有效承載面積
之比定義為有效應(yīng)力
巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)
式中:ω是已失去承載能力的面積所占比例,通常稱為損傷變量;σij為Cauchy應(yīng)力,或名義應(yīng)力。材料的損傷在空間是連續(xù)分布的,與纖維束理論不同。
對(duì)于有效應(yīng)力,認(rèn)為彈性力學(xué)的本構(gòu)關(guān)系依然成立。這就是Lemaitre的應(yīng)變等效假設(shè)[56]。因此只要確定損傷變量與應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變的關(guān)系,利用彈性力學(xué)就可以解決材料的損傷破壞問(wèn)題。通常假設(shè)損傷具有各向同性特征,當(dāng)然各向異性的損傷力學(xué)也在研究之中。
在單向拉伸時(shí)有
巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)
或
σ=E0ε(1-ω)=Eε (5.72)
式中,E為割線模量——應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線上割線的斜率,則損傷變量可以表示為
ω=1-E/E0 (5.73)
如果得到試樣的應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線,則由上式就可以確定損傷變量。一維脆塑模型,Mazars損傷模型、Loland損傷模型以及分段線性損傷模型,都是基于對(duì)單向拉伸曲線的描述確定損傷變量。對(duì)于單向壓縮,則以等效應(yīng)變
巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)
式中,角括號(hào)的定義是<x>=(x+| x|)/2,即負(fù)數(shù)為零,而正數(shù)為自身。即以單向壓縮時(shí)泊松效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的拉應(yīng)變來(lái)討論材料的損傷。這里并沒(méi)有巖石內(nèi)部微元體強(qiáng)度不等的概念,只是說(shuō)隨著拉伸變形增大,材料逐步劣化。
Hudson J A 和 Harrison J P 著作《Engineering Rock Mechanics:An introduction to the principles》對(duì)Weibull 理論的評(píng)述值得一讀[57]:
The probability density function for any test condition can be established and hence the intertest variation can be predicted.One of the most useful formulae to arise from this approach is
巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)
where σt1and σt2are the mean tensile strengths obtained for two sets of samples with different volumes(for any test configuration),V1and V2are the associated specimen volumes,m is one of three material constants used in Weibull’s theory.This provides a direct relation between the mean tensile strength and the specimen volume.
At this stage,we should like to caution the reader.Weibull’s theory is solely statistical and does not include any specific mechanism of fracture and failure.Moreover,the formula above is represented by the ubiquitous straight line in log-log space.There have been several published‘verifications’of the theory,based on the straight lines in log-log space,but these results alone do not isolate Weibull’s theory.Indeed,any such confirmation for the validity of the formula in compression tests is highly unlikely to be valid because of the distinction between failure initiation and failure propagation in the compression tests.
This cautionary note related to the avoidance of blind acceptance of any particular theory based on power laws(and material constants which can be determined by curve fitting)applies to all rock testing,and particular to failure criteria.
上述斜體部分是文獻(xiàn)[57]中原有的。
注:以上討論都是以拉應(yīng)力和拉應(yīng)變?yōu)檎?;而以下介紹巖石力學(xué)問(wèn)題時(shí),均以壓應(yīng)力、壓應(yīng)變?yōu)檎?/p>
5.9.2 單向壓縮的巖石統(tǒng)計(jì)損傷力學(xué)
上述唯象的連續(xù)損傷力學(xué)、應(yīng)變等效假設(shè)也被引入巖石力學(xué)領(lǐng)域。文獻(xiàn)[58]假設(shè)巖石材料微元體強(qiáng)度滿足Weibull分布,試樣單軸壓縮時(shí)應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變關(guān)系就是前面的公式(5.70)
巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)
在得到實(shí)際巖樣單軸壓縮的應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變?nèi)糖€后,根據(jù)初始切線模量確定E0,根據(jù)峰值應(yīng)力和峰后曲線的拐點(diǎn),即上式一階導(dǎo)數(shù)和二階導(dǎo)數(shù)的零點(diǎn)可以確定參數(shù)m和F。用上式表示巖樣單軸壓縮的變形時(shí),實(shí)際上默認(rèn)材料的損傷在巖樣內(nèi)部是均勻分布的。因而,損傷變量只是對(duì)巖石變形特性的數(shù)學(xué)描述,并不符合物理事實(shí)。
這樣的損傷模型具有一個(gè)明顯的缺點(diǎn):試樣卸載后不會(huì)產(chǎn)生殘余變形,重復(fù)加載與卸載過(guò)程完全相同。此外,巖樣單軸壓縮初期內(nèi)部裂隙閉合,切線模量逐步增大,與損傷概念的不符。文獻(xiàn)[59]提出的負(fù)損傷當(dāng)然可以描述加載初期的非線性變形,但總是有些奇特。
通過(guò)假設(shè)巖石微元體強(qiáng)度滿足不同的分布形式,如正態(tài)分布,可以使理論公式與試驗(yàn)曲線有更好的擬合。不過(guò),巖石的強(qiáng)度不可能為負(fù)值,因而利用正態(tài)分布描述略有些勉強(qiáng),盡管在離開(kāi)均值稍遠(yuǎn)處分布密度較低,可以忽略。文獻(xiàn)[11]認(rèn)為損傷材料具有一定的承載能力,因而引入小于1 的系數(shù)δ,表示損傷面積中真正失去承載能力所占的比例,因而
σ=E0ε(1-δD) (5.75)
通過(guò)與巖樣單軸壓縮應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線的擬合可以確定δ。上式的缺點(diǎn)是在峰后應(yīng)力存在最小值,此后應(yīng)力隨應(yīng)變?cè)龃蠖龃?。不過(guò),必須認(rèn)識(shí)到,巖石試樣具有離散性,從同一巖塊加工的、形狀完全相同的試樣,單軸壓縮應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變?nèi)糖€也有所差異,通過(guò)對(duì)某一特定曲線擬合得到的δ=0.98并沒(méi)有多大價(jià)值。
5.9.3 巖石統(tǒng)計(jì)損傷強(qiáng)度準(zhǔn)則
巖樣實(shí)際處于三向應(yīng)力狀態(tài),前面各節(jié)已經(jīng)討論了多種形式的強(qiáng)度準(zhǔn)則。目前,基于巖石內(nèi)微元體逐步損傷的統(tǒng)計(jì)損傷強(qiáng)度準(zhǔn)則受到廣泛重視。不過(guò),得到的一些結(jié)果形式復(fù)雜,需要利用試驗(yàn)結(jié)果確定大量的參數(shù),且只是用那些確定參數(shù)的常規(guī)三軸試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的檢驗(yàn),沒(méi)有討論在應(yīng)力空間的形式,更沒(méi)有與真三軸壓縮的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較。下面簡(jiǎn)單介紹一種統(tǒng)計(jì)損傷強(qiáng)度準(zhǔn)則的構(gòu)造方法[60]。
認(rèn)為Hooke定律在巖石的損傷過(guò)程中對(duì)有效應(yīng)力依然成立,
σ1=Eε1(1-D)+ν(σ2+σ3) (5.76)
式中:σi為名義主應(yīng)力;各向同性的損傷因子D由巖石微元體的強(qiáng)度分布確定,假設(shè)滿足Weibull分布,則有
巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)
假設(shè)微元體滿足Drucker-Prager強(qiáng)度準(zhǔn)則,
巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)
利用公式(5.77)和(5.76)消去(5.76)中D,再對(duì)ε1求導(dǎo),確定σ1達(dá)到極值時(shí)滿足的關(guān)系,即巖石統(tǒng)計(jì)損傷強(qiáng)度準(zhǔn)則[60]
巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)
式中,F(xiàn)0、m為Weibull分布參數(shù),反映巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)。文獻(xiàn)[60]又從文獻(xiàn)[61]間接引用文獻(xiàn)[62]的常規(guī)三軸壓縮試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,利用曲線擬合得到:
巖石的力學(xué)性質(zhì)
F0=110.56674 ln(σ3+8.74961) (5.81)
不過(guò)文獻(xiàn)[60]給出的該巖石Drucker-Prager準(zhǔn)則的σ1—σ3關(guān)系遠(yuǎn)離試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,明顯有誤。公式(5.79)~(5.81)過(guò)于復(fù)雜,缺少力學(xué)含義,似不能稱為強(qiáng)度準(zhǔn)則。
基于等效應(yīng)變假設(shè),認(rèn)為三軸壓縮下應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變滿足公式(5.76),以微元體強(qiáng)度服從Weibull[63,65]分布或正態(tài)分布[64],以D-P準(zhǔn)則作為破壞準(zhǔn)則,又做了若干假設(shè)之后,文獻(xiàn)[63~65]得到了不同圍壓下巖樣的應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變?nèi)糖€。不過(guò)這些計(jì)算結(jié)果都不能描述單軸壓縮時(shí)巖樣脆性破壞和圍壓下壓縮的漸進(jìn)破壞,不能描述隨著圍壓增大峰值附近屈服過(guò)程的逐步增大,不能描述殘余強(qiáng)度。不同圍壓下的全程曲線都只是幾何相似,而文獻(xiàn)[64]的曲線則是完全不隨圍壓變化。
5.9.4 損傷因子和等效應(yīng)力描述巖石變形破壞的討論
任何材料都含有一定的初始缺陷,損傷力學(xué)研究外載和環(huán)境作用下細(xì)觀缺陷引起材料或結(jié)構(gòu)劣化的力學(xué)過(guò)程,有細(xì)觀損傷力學(xué)和連續(xù)損傷力學(xué)兩個(gè)主要分支。細(xì)觀損傷力學(xué)研究各種典型損傷基元,如微裂紋、微空洞等以及組合的變形與演化過(guò)程,再利用某種平均化過(guò)程得到材料的宏觀力學(xué)性質(zhì)。不過(guò),巖石是由礦物顆粒構(gòu)成的,尺度在毫米量級(jí)或更大,與細(xì)觀損傷力學(xué)的基礎(chǔ),微缺陷之外的材料是均勻各向同性的,相距甚遠(yuǎn)。連續(xù)損傷力學(xué)利用連續(xù)介質(zhì)力學(xué)和熱力學(xué)的唯象方法,考察損傷對(duì)材料宏觀力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響與結(jié)構(gòu)損傷演化的過(guò)程和規(guī)律,希望所預(yù)測(cè)的材料宏觀力學(xué)行為符合試驗(yàn)結(jié)果和實(shí)際情況。這種唯象方法數(shù)學(xué)上比較簡(jiǎn)單,在巖石力學(xué)領(lǐng)域得到廣泛的應(yīng)用,發(fā)表了大量的論文。
文獻(xiàn)[66]對(duì)巖石損傷力學(xué)的評(píng)述筆者完全贊同,不再重復(fù)。不過(guò),許多研究是基于等效應(yīng)力原理,利用各種形式的損傷因子來(lái)模擬巖石試樣軸向壓縮的全程曲線。對(duì)此似乎仍有討論的必要。在連續(xù)損傷力學(xué)中利用損傷因子將材料的損傷連續(xù)化,以基于有效承載面積即等效應(yīng)力定義的損傷因子最為常用:
D=(A-A′)/A (5.82)
式中,面積A′是面積A中能夠承載的有效面積,于是應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變關(guān)系可以寫為
σ=(1-D)E0ε (5.83)
式中,E0是沒(méi)有損傷時(shí)材料的楊氏模量。損傷變量D可以表示為割線模量的變化
D=1-E/E0 (5.84)
式中,E是發(fā)生損傷后的楊氏模量。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),在拉應(yīng)力狀態(tài)下基于“有效承載面積”的概念,計(jì)算材料承受的“真實(shí)應(yīng)力”,以試樣單向拉伸時(shí)的卸載模量利用式(5.84)計(jì)算損傷因子[54],在物理上還是可以接受的,盡管有“為時(shí)太晚和過(guò)于宏觀”的缺點(diǎn)[67]。不過(guò),裂紋可以承載壓應(yīng)力并通過(guò)摩擦承載剪切力,這使得巖樣軸向壓縮的變形、承載與內(nèi)部材料損傷狀態(tài)關(guān)系極度復(fù)雜,不能用公式(5.84)來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單地表示。但在巖石力學(xué)中常常不是利用卸載模量、而是利用一些假設(shè)來(lái)確定損傷因子D,得到巖樣單軸壓縮的全程曲線式(5.83);而圍壓下壓縮時(shí)則寫為
σ1=E0ε1(1-D)+2νσ3 (5.85)
該巖石應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變關(guān)系具有3個(gè)明顯缺點(diǎn):①巖石的損傷是各向同性的;②卸載時(shí)沒(méi)有殘余變形;③破壞后沒(méi)有殘余強(qiáng)度。因而假定巖石微元體強(qiáng)度服從正態(tài)分布,滿足D-P準(zhǔn)則等建立的公式(5.85),只是對(duì)全程曲線的數(shù)學(xué)描述,并不具備物理基礎(chǔ)。這是不容回避的事實(shí)?;蛟S,局部微元體達(dá)到承載極限后,其承載能力是如何變化的,對(duì)周圍材料承載和變形是如何影響的,可能是最為關(guān)鍵的問(wèn)題。
利用應(yīng)變建立的各種關(guān)系只能描述巖樣峰值應(yīng)力之前的部分,巖樣峰后的屈服破壞具有明顯的局部化特征,并不能用表示巖石平均變形的應(yīng)變來(lái)描述。具體地說(shuō),峰值應(yīng)力之后,損傷斷面逐步增大,試樣承載降低,而未達(dá)到承載極限的材料將卸載不再損傷。不同長(zhǎng)度的試樣,破壞斷面大致相同,并不是隨長(zhǎng)度線性增加,因此應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變關(guān)系隨長(zhǎng)度而變化[68]。從特定試樣,如直徑為50mm、長(zhǎng)度為100mm的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)試樣全程曲線確定的損傷變量并不能描述其他長(zhǎng)度的試樣。
以等效應(yīng)力為基礎(chǔ)的損傷因子,固然可以在數(shù)學(xué)上描述巖石試樣軸向壓縮的應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變?nèi)糖€。不過(guò),巖石承載壓應(yīng)力,材料發(fā)生損傷之后完全可以繼續(xù)承載,而承載能力與應(yīng)力狀態(tài)關(guān)系極大。就此而言,損傷因子描述的巖石變形關(guān)系不具備物理基礎(chǔ),應(yīng)用于工程實(shí)際更是困難。
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