?gradation

gradation發(fā)音

英：[gr??de??n]　　美：[ɡre?de??n]

英：　　美：

gradation中文意思翻譯

n.漸變, 階段, 等級, 刻度,元音交替

gradation詞形變化

副詞: gradationally | 形容詞: gradational |

gradation常見例句

1 、People always ask me how can we charge so much for what amounts to gradations of white.─── 總有人問我 這么一張白紙 為什么要收這么多錢

2 、The creepage of the concrete of natural gradation and the creepage of the concrete of wet-screened second gradation are proportional to related mortar rate.───原級配和濕篩二級配混凝土的徐變比與相應(yīng)的灰漿率比成正比；

3 、RE-analysis of the rockburst mechanism and discussion on the gradation of the rockburst intensity.───巖爆機(jī)理再分析及其烈度級別的劃分。

4 、This article puts forward the concepts of the gradation and the family network of senior-citizen support.───摘要本文提出養(yǎng)老的層次性和養(yǎng)老家庭網(wǎng)概念。

5 、The character shuenn light quadrochromatic faclial color gradation wateriness, lack of contrast.───人物逆平草稿面部階調(diào)凡庸，色彩差比充足力度。

6 、Abstract: Spatial construction of Modern City should be attached to influence of spatial perception gradation on the function, scale and landscape of urban space.───文摘:現(xiàn)代城市空間建構(gòu)，應(yīng)重視空間形態(tài)內(nèi)涵對空間功能、尺度、層次、景觀等的影響。

7 、This paper analyzes the influence of mineral aggregate gradation in asphalt mixture on volume of air voids (vv) by utilizing grey connection analysis theory.───摘要利用灰色關(guān)聯(lián)分析原理，分析了瀝青混合料礦料級配對空隙率的影響。

8 、The gradation teaching is superior to the traditional methods by obeying the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.───分級教學(xué)遵循了分類指導(dǎo)、因材施教的原則，在教學(xué)手段、教學(xué)內(nèi)容及教學(xué)效果上都比傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式具有更大的優(yōu)勢。

9 、control of fragmentation and gradation───塊度級配控制

10 、For Video, The LX-91 has better colour gradation, contrast, sharpness and noise reduction.───對于視頻，該中心LX - 91具有更好的色彩層次，對比度，清晰度和降低噪聲。The biggest difference was the 3D aspect of the LX-91. 最大的不同是三維方面的中心LX - 91 。

11 、Finally, the paper presents some countermeasures and the gradation not only anti-skid and waterproof but also anti-rutting.───最后給出了若干對策以及既抗水損害也抗車轍的級配。

12 、Gradation of roof waterproofing into 4 levels and that of roof waterproofing material into 4 levels for 3 kinds were proposed.───提出了屋面防水分為4個等級和屋面防水材料分為3類4個等級，介紹了設(shè)防層次的選擇和多道設(shè)防的具體作法。

13 、gradation of soil erosion potential danger───土壤侵蝕潛在危險度分級

14 、According to gradation of tailings,the knowledge bank model can predict the strengths of cemented tailings in different contents of cement or consistence,and guide filling design in mine.───應(yīng)用知識庫模型可以根據(jù)尾砂的級配特性,預(yù)測不同水泥含量、不同濃度下的尾砂膠結(jié)充填體強(qiáng)度,指導(dǎo)礦山充填設(shè)計。

15 、Abstract: After the gradation of recyled aggregate was adjusted, then the mechanical preformance of basic mixture material under different adulterate amounts was studied.───摘要 ：在對再生骨料混合料級配進(jìn)行調(diào)整的基礎(chǔ)之上，研究再生骨料不同摻量下基層混合料的力學(xué)性能。

16 、In the former approach, based on gary image, the layered gradation segmentation is adopted and the analysis range is diminished gradually in the image.───前者是一種基于灰度圖像的車牌**方法，該方法將圖像進(jìn)行分層次分割，不斷減少分析的范圍。

17 、optimum temperature gradation───最佳溫度梯度

18 、Abstract: The characteristics,features,classification,gradation and technical requirements of building sealants are described.The function for sealing building joints is briefly analyzed,and new standards are also introduced.───文摘:概述建筑密封劑的特征、特性、分類、分級和技術(shù)要求，對建筑接縫密封設(shè)定功能進(jìn)行簡要分析并介紹最新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的情況。

19 、However, the brushwork is stiff and the ink gradation lacks layering and variation, suggesting the work of a later artist to which Wang's name was added.───可是全作的筆法板滯，墨色缺乏層次變化，應(yīng)是一件后人偽讬王蒙之名的作品。

20 、In the flat tempera painting of medieval art, the gradation of values that produces a three-dimensional effect was almost impossible to achieve.───在中世紀(jì)平面的蛋彩畫中，幾乎不可能由細(xì)致的明暗變化來表現(xiàn)出立體感。

21 、According to the teaching requirements issued by the Ministry of Education, adopting the gradation teaching for fundamental English is the necessity of reforming traditional teaching methods and conforming to the social development.───按照《高職高專教育英語課程教學(xué)基本要求》，實行基礎(chǔ)英語分級教學(xué)是改革傳統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)英語教學(xué)模式，順應(yīng)時代發(fā)展的必然要求。

22 、Using road-related performance as an evaluation criterion, different kinds of materials and gradation anti-slide asphalt mixtures were studied by means of gyratory test machine (GTM).───摘要用技術(shù)性能作為評價依據(jù)，以旋轉(zhuǎn)試驗機(jī)(GTM)為手段，研究了不同性質(zhì)的原材料、不同級配的抗滑型瀝青混合料的性能和施工技術(shù)。

23 、Combined with the practice,the paper introduced mix design,mixing,transportation,rolling and quality control of expressway cement gradation macadam.───介紹了湖北隨岳高速公路水泥穩(wěn)定級配碎石的配比設(shè)計、拌和、運輸、碾壓的施工工藝及質(zhì)量控制。

24 、In traditional families the relations of daily contact not only have fundamental characteristics,such as gradation,parochialism,human sympathy and complexity and so on,but also have many complicated relations relevant to them.───傳統(tǒng)家庭中的日常交往關(guān)系不僅具有等級性、狹隘性、人情化及復(fù)雜性等基本特征,還具有與之相應(yīng)的復(fù)雜關(guān)系。

25 、In earlier epochs of ceramic history in China, we find a complicated arrangement of art making into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank.───在中國過去的陶瓷歷史的各個時代，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)社會完全被劃分為各個不同的等級，藝術(shù)也被劃分為不同的等級。

26 、Based on the review of the existing specifications home and abroad, rubber gradation is decided, which obtained by mixing two types of crumb rubber in a certain proportion.───文中通過對國內(nèi)、外現(xiàn)有規(guī)范的總結(jié)，首先確定出試驗?zāi)z粉的級配，并選用兩種規(guī)格的膠粉按比例摻配得到試驗所用的廢輪胎膠粉改性劑。

27 、two steps enzyme gradation digestion───兩步酶分層消化法

28 、Scientific division of factors index areas is the premise and foundation for the accuracy of farmland gradation.───摘要分等因素指標(biāo)區(qū)的科學(xué)劃分是保證農(nóng)用地分等結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確的前提和基礎(chǔ)。

29 、Gradation of coarse aggregate of dam concrete───大壩混凝土的粗骨料級配

30 、Then the comprehensive evaluation and gradation of drilling machines are carried out on the basis of the detection data analysis and expert experiences.───依據(jù)檢測數(shù)據(jù)分析和專家經(jīng)驗,對鉆機(jī)等級進(jìn)行綜合評判和分級。

31 、every gradation of feeling from joy to grief───從喜悅到悲傷程度上有差異的感情

32 、"I will name to you several sums which will increase by gradation;───“我向您提幾個數(shù)目，然后逐漸增加。

33 、AA Very Round( less than5% gradation); Good Luster, Good Nacre(.35 of total nacre or better);80-90% Inclusion Free Surface; Good/ Excellent Matching; Top20% of a Pearl Farm's Harvest.───AA 非常圓（于5%那部份的等級）良好的光澤，良好的珠層（.35或以上的珠層含量）80%90%表皮光潔度，好/好的匹配，珠農(nóng)收成中最好的20%份。

34 、Then the key research image gradation level revises, and gives each algorithm the MATLAB procedure and the movement result.───接著重點研究圖像的灰度級修正，并給出各種算法的MATLAB程序及運行結(jié)果。

35 、Effect of particle size and gradation of HMX on the shock sensitivity and the output of explosive composition based on HMX[J].Journal of Chinese Safety Science,2000,10(3):71-74.───HMX粒度、粒度級配對混合傳爆藥的性能影響的研究[J].中國安全科學(xué)學(xué)報,2000,10(3):71-74.

36 、They say gradation ceremonies are a good way to celebrate success in the school.───他們說畢業(yè)慶典是一個慶祝學(xué)校成功的好方法。

37 、Methods Carrying out gradation practice under the model of taking up post according professional titles.───方法實施按職上崗模式下的分層次實習(xí)模式。

38 、After I affirm that the relations of Sino-Japan should develop ahead to an amicable gradation,I expound the the conflict between China and Japan ,the reason and the infuence of the confict.───在肯定中日關(guān)系應(yīng)友好向前發(fā)展的前提下，主要通過對中日矛盾及爭端的概述，簡明的分析了其產(chǎn)生原因及影響。

39 、Introduces the three methods of water measurement on concrete mixing stations, determination of water-content coefficient of sand and rock and revision of gradation ratio, and puts forward effective scheme to control the lump of concrete.───介紹混凝土拌合站水計量所采用的三種方法,砂石含水率的測定及配合比的修訂,為混凝土坍落度的控制提供了有效解決方案。

40 、full responsibility gradation nursing───層級全責(zé)護(hù)理

41 、The gradation is: Hippophae rhamnoides + Leymus chinensis > Hippophae rhamnoides > Populus simonii + Salix matsudana+Hippophae rhamnoides > Populus simonii + Hippophae rhamnoides.───土壤養(yǎng)分含量大致順序為：沙棘+羊草＞沙棘＞楊樹+柳樹+沙棘＞楊+沙棘；

42 、It is hard to understand all the minute gradation of their bureaucracy.───很難弄清楚他們那套官僚體制全部細(xì)微的等級分別。

43 、Evaluation and gradation of hidden dangers are important criteria in risk control, which are methods for risk assessment generally used.───對隱患的評價分級是治理的重要依據(jù),作業(yè)條件危險評價方法是常用的一種危險評價方法。

44 、The authors analyzed the effects of thickness, gradation, maximum nominal (dimension) and percent air voids on the rut.───分析了大粒徑瀝青混合料的級配、最大粒徑、空隙率和不同厚度對車轍的影響。

45 、They are in fact remarkably discerning in color gradation.───事實上，人眼對顏色梯度具有非凡的分辨能力。

46 、Based on this model, a3- D random convex polyhedron aggregate model considering the actual aggregate content, gradation and shape of aggregate is established.───并在隨機(jī)球骨料模型的基礎(chǔ)上,形成隨機(jī)凸多面體骨料模型。

47 、In the strict sense of Western philosophy, there are levels or gradation to the nature and conception of reality.───在嚴(yán)格的西方哲學(xué)理解中，針對自然和實相觀念存在層級或階級。

48 、Based on tests of aggregates and asphalt materials, study on the gradation of asphalt mixture of high performance was performed and recommends to gradation wee given.───在礦料、瀝青材料試驗研究的基礎(chǔ)上開展瀝青混合料組成設(shè)計試驗研究，提出了供工程使用的高性能瀝青混合料級配組成設(shè)計建議范圍。

49 、As a result, to reduce the incidence of backfill-induced wall deformations, gradation limits were made more restrictive;these limits remain in force today.───因此，為了減少因填料變形引起的墻變形，等級極限有了更多的限制，這些限制在今天仍然有效。

50 、In this paper,the basic configuration,development source,evolution gradation,production and market demand, current situation and so on for quinolone antibacterial agents were summarized in detail.───介紹了喹諾酮類藥物基本結(jié)構(gòu)、發(fā)展淵源、演變階段、生產(chǎn)和市場近況,對該藥物的最新發(fā)展、新品種、應(yīng)用前景以及有望作為抗癌和抗真菌方面的藥物也予簡單論述。

51 、The core sand binder can be characterized with higher strength, easy collapsibility, better gradation and l ess cost, hence it is particularly suitably used in non-ferrous metal castings.───它的主要特點是：強(qiáng)度高、散性好、毒、污染、本低，特別適用于低熔點的鋁、合金及鑄鐵件的生產(chǎn)。

52 、A Design of Gradation Mould for Engine Cover Edges───發(fā)動機(jī)罩邊框級進(jìn)模的設(shè)計

53 、CHEN Zhong-da,YUAN Wan-jie,GAO Chun-hai.Research on design method of multilevel dense builtin gradation[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2006,19(1):32-37.───[7]陳忠達(dá),袁萬杰,高春海.多級嵌擠密實級配設(shè)計方法研究[J].中國公路學(xué)報,2006,19(1):32-37.

54 、The paper has put forward and testified four utilizable aggregate gradation.───提出并驗證了四種具有實用價值的集料級配組成。

55 、Methods The fractures of the ribs of 512 patients were suspected in clinic, and those CR images were processed with gradation and spatial frequency technology.───方法對臨床懷疑肋骨骨折512例患者的肋骨CR影像應(yīng)用諧調(diào)處理與空間頻率處理的方法進(jìn)行技術(shù)處理。

56 、Use from the lightest shade to the darkest towards the lash line in a gradation effect.───如何打造：由淺至深順次使用四個眼影，以暈染的方法向睫毛根部層層加深。

57 、Grain gradation, from coarser below to finer above in repeated, truncated sequences within the Ellerslie Sandstone is also evident.───在埃勒斯萊砂巖層段內(nèi)，重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的截頂層序中，自下而上，由粗變細(xì)的粒級遞變也是明顯的。

58 、Keeping the filler-asphalt ratio as constant, the intermediate and the nether gradation make up of skeleton-void structure and the upper gradation makes up of skeleton-close structure.───在粉膠比保持不變的情況下，中值級配和下限級配瀝青混合料形成骨架-空隙結(jié)構(gòu)，上限級配的混合料形成骨架-密實結(jié)構(gòu)。

59 、A good actor can express every gradation of feeling from joy to grief.───一名好演員能夠表現(xiàn)出由快樂至痛苦的每一階段的感情變化。

60 、Based on this model, a 3-D random convex polyhedron aggregate model considering the actual aggregate content, gradation and shape of aggregate is established.───同時，研究了細(xì)觀單元屬性判別方法，編制了對含有凸多面體骨料的細(xì)觀區(qū)域進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)性有限元網(wǎng)格剖分程序。

61 、The gradation of 8 isolates from bigness to smallness in colonydiameter was BL、GL、LJ、Z、YM、PG、PP and XBC at the same level of nitrogen sources.───在對氮源的綜合利用上各菌株表現(xiàn)也不一致,各菌株菌落直徑由大到小的順序為BL、GL、LJ、Z、YM、PG、PP、XBC。

62 、The gradation of sound absorption property for absorbent products───GB/T16731-1997建筑吸聲產(chǎn)品的吸聲性能分級

63 、For the simon-pure culture could exceed era, politics, nation, phyle, national boundaries, gradation, religion and link with the hearts of everybody.───因為真正的文化可以超越時代、政治、民族、種族、國界、階級、宗教連接起每一顆精純的心。

64 、full responsibility gradation nursing mode───層級全責(zé)一體化護(hù)理模式

65 、So, it"s very important to study the theory, the method and the procedure of farmland gradation and evaluation at present.───所以，對農(nóng)用地分等定級估價的理論、方法、程序進(jìn)行研究探索，具有十分重要的現(xiàn)實意義。

66 、For small gravel particles should not result in sand mud wrapped Micronesia and the blocking phenomenon in cold pipelines gravel gradation strict control strict admission related raw materials.───對于因碎石顆粒偏小，宜造成砂子泥漿包裹不密，且堵寒管道的現(xiàn)象，嚴(yán)格控制碎石級配，嚴(yán)把原材料入場關(guān)。

67 、In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank.───在過去的各個歷史時代，我們幾乎到處都可以看到社會完全劃分為各個不同的等級，看到社會地位分成的多種多樣的層次。

68 、Five jiao fields, the Jinqiao gradation center commerce tectonic plate deal was active.───五角場、金橋等次中心商務(wù)板塊成交活躍。

69 、During Superpave mixture gradation design, Bailey method is very useful in gradation selection and evaluation.───在進(jìn)行 Superpave混合料級配設(shè)計時 ,貝雷方法可以作為重要的級配選擇和評價工具。

70 、More importance has been attached to the grading and land price evaluation of a city than to the gradation of different cities in the present land market.───摘要現(xiàn)行的城市土地市場中，常常只注重對一個城市內(nèi)部的定級與基準(zhǔn)地價評估，而缺乏宏觀調(diào)控城鎮(zhèn)土地價格的分等研究。

71 、Gradation Design of Andesite Aggregate───安山巖集料級配設(shè)計

72 、The test methods of VCA(subscript DRF) and VCA(subscript AC) were introduced in the light of the application of gradation design for SAC13 in an actual project.───摘要結(jié)合將在實際工程中應(yīng)用的SAC13級配的設(shè)計過程對VCA(下標(biāo)DRF)和VCA(下標(biāo)AC)礦料級配檢驗方法進(jìn)行了具體介紹。

73 、Based on laboratory tests, an anlysis is made of the influence of state and degree of gradation segregation on volume parameter, service performance and mechanic performance of asphalt mixture.───摘要通過室內(nèi)試驗，分析混合料級配離析狀態(tài)和離析程度對瀝青混合料體積參數(shù)、路用性能和力學(xué)性能的影響。

74 、And then you said your daughter gradated from college.─── 然后你說你的女兒已經(jīng)大學(xué)畢業(yè)了

75 、The cultivated land classification and gradation is virtually an evaluation of the quality of the land, in which the impersonal appraisal is the foundation.───摘要耕地分等定級實質(zhì)上是對耕地質(zhì)量的評價，客觀的評價是以構(gòu)建科學(xué)的評價模型為基礎(chǔ)的。

76 、The Cockatoo Ridge reserve shiraz1999 has a strong flavour of acinus, complexity, gradation and perfect subtle oak.───充滿成熟漿果香，復(fù)雜，極有層次，有完美的橡木味。

77 、Computation of bed-load gradation composition in natural river───天然河流床沙級配的計算

78 、I have noticed the subtle gradation in colour in this painting.───我已經(jīng)注意到這幅畫中色彩的漸變。

79 、The percentage passing of(0.075 mm) on Bailey method was as a test index,which perfected the evaluation to critical sieve percentage passing of design gradation.───在貝雷法級配設(shè)計的基礎(chǔ)上,提出將混合料中0.075 mm篩孔通過率也作為檢驗指標(biāo),從而使貝雷法的控制指標(biāo)更趨于完善;

80 、The gradation of the space character is so clear , just like affacting music blowing in the air which is full of arousing and rhythm.───層次分明的空間本質(zhì)，就像動人的樂音在空氣中流轉(zhuǎn)**，純凈中充滿詩意的感動與韻律。

81 、Remarks: The products can be adjusted in grain gradation, color, density according to the concrete requirements of clients.───備注:以上產(chǎn)品顏色可根據(jù)客戶具體要求進(jìn)行調(diào)整。

82 、Color Image Input Index Influence Reproduction of Gradation───彩色圖像的輸入指標(biāo)對層次再現(xiàn)的影響

英語教學(xué)有哪些流派？

英語教學(xué)最新流派：思維導(dǎo)讀法

學(xué)習(xí)英語最高效的方法，毫無疑問是從建立個人專屬的英語思維開始的。

這一點我們可以從中文的學(xué)習(xí)順序中側(cè)面證明：中文學(xué)習(xí)的起步分三個階段。

1. 從出生到開口說話，是中文思維的形成。

2. 2-4歲是中文表達(dá)能力的形成。

3. 4歲以后進(jìn)入學(xué)校，是中文讀寫能力訓(xùn)練的開始。

由此，我們可以明了，語言的學(xué)習(xí)順序是由思維能力到表達(dá)能力，再到讀寫能力。其中的思維能力的形成首當(dāng)其沖。從思維能力入手英語，得到的結(jié)果跟學(xué)母語是一樣快捷，一樣方便的。

真理往往是最簡單的。思維應(yīng)該是最基本的形態(tài)、最簡單的邏輯。簡單到在母語學(xué)習(xí)時不用教，在外語訓(xùn)練中能看到，這樣才是真正的理解思維。

英語思維在教學(xué)中一直是一個偽命題，說的多做的少，原因是因為切入的視角不對，操作的方案繁瑣。對思維的定義與定型，完全不是母語方式的潛移默化，無師自通，來得全不費工夫。而是不能入門、難以琢磨、無法參悟的敲邊鼓和瞎起哄。

我們有簡單易學(xué)的英語思維課程，可以在短時間內(nèi)讓學(xué)習(xí)者超越語法，構(gòu)筑信仰，順利底走向英語工具化學(xué)習(xí)的正確方向，做到用簡單規(guī)范復(fù)雜，用不變擁抱變化。

課程核心：八個字搞定語法，四個詞掃蕩思維。

歡迎大家圍觀公眾號：極簡英語思維

英語教學(xué)有哪些流派？

英語教學(xué)主要流派有：

① 語法翻譯法(Grammar Translation Method)

The Grammar Translation Method: A method of language or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities. A typical lesson consists of the presentation of a grammatical rule, a study of lists of vocabulary, and a translation exercise.

語法翻譯法外語或第二語言教學(xué)的一種方法，以翻譯和語法學(xué)習(xí)為主要的教學(xué)活動。典型的一堂課由介紹語法規(guī)則、學(xué)習(xí)詞匯表和翻譯練習(xí)組成。

② 直接法(Direct Method)

The Direct Method: A method of foreign or second language teaching which insists that (a) only the target language should be used in class (b) meanings should be communicated “directly” (hence the name of the method) by associating speech forms with actions , objects , mime , gestures , and situations (c) reading and writing should be taught only after speaking (d) grammar rules should not be taught to the learners

直接法 直接教學(xué)法: 外語或第二語言的一種教學(xué)方，這種方法要求（a）課堂上應(yīng)該只使用目的語（b）意思應(yīng)該通過將語言和動作、物體、模仿、手勢及情景結(jié)合起來直接表達(dá)出來（這是這種方法名稱由來）（c）讀、寫 、應(yīng)該在說之后教（d.）不應(yīng)該向?qū)W生教語法。

③ 聽說法(Audio-lingual Method)

Audio-Lingual Method: A method of foreign or second language teaching which (a) emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing (b) uses dialogues and drills (c) discourage use of the mother tongue in the classroom (d) often makes use of contrastive analysis. The audio-lingual method was prominent in the 1950s and 1960s, especially in the United States, and has been widely used in many other parts of the world.

聽說法：外語或第二語言教學(xué)的一種方法，這種方法：（a）強(qiáng)調(diào)先教聽說，后教讀寫（b）運用對話和操練（c）反對在課堂上使用母語（d）常利用對比分析。聽說法的應(yīng)用在五、六十年代，特別是在美國，尤其突出，它已被其他國家廣泛采用。

④ 口語教學(xué)法（The Oral Approach) 情景法(又叫視聽法) The Situational Approach (Audio-Visual Method)

The Oral Approach (or Situational Language Teaching) refers to an approach to language teaching developed by British applied linguistics from the 1930s to the 1960s. it is a grammar-based method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through meaningful situation-based activities.

口語教學(xué)法（又叫情景教學(xué)法），指的是英國實用語言學(xué)家于二十世紀(jì)30年代到60年代發(fā)展起來的一種語言教學(xué)方法。此法是以語法為基礎(chǔ)的教學(xué)法，語法與詞匯按難易程度分層次教學(xué)，新的語言點通過有意義的情景活動得到展示與練習(xí)。

⑤ 認(rèn)知法(Cognitive Approach）

The Cognitive Approach (or the cognitive-code method/learning) is an approach to foreign language teaching which is based on the belief that language learning is a process which involves active method processes and not simply the forming of habits. It lays emphasis on the conscious acquisition of language as a meaningful system.

認(rèn)知法（也稱認(rèn)知-符號法/認(rèn)知-符號學(xué)習(xí)理論）是一種外語教學(xué)法，它認(rèn)為語言學(xué)習(xí)是一種積極的心智活動過程，而不是簡單的習(xí)慣形成過程。認(rèn)知法認(rèn)為語言是一個有意義的系統(tǒng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)在理解的基礎(chǔ)上有意義的學(xué)習(xí)語言。

⑥ 交際法 (communicatIve Approach)

The Communicative Approach is an approach to foreign or second language teaching which emphasizes that the goal of language learning is communicative competence. The communicative approach has been developed particularly by British applied linguists as a reaction away from grammar-based approaches such as the aural-oral approach. Teaching materials used with a communicative approach often (a) teach the language needed to express and understand different kinds of functions such as requesting, describing, expressing likes and dislikes, etc. (b) are based on a communicatively organized syllabus (c) emphasize the processes of communication, such as using language appropriately in different types of situations; using language to perform different kinds of tasks, e.g. to solve puzzles, to get information, etc.; using language for social interaction with other people.

交際法是外語或第二語言的一種教學(xué)理論，它強(qiáng)調(diào)交際能力是語言學(xué)習(xí)的目標(biāo)。交際法主要由英國應(yīng)用語言學(xué)家創(chuàng)立，與以語法為基礎(chǔ)的教學(xué)理論如聽說法相對而言。交際法所采用的教學(xué)材料：(a)教學(xué)表達(dá)和理解不同功能所需要的語言，如請求、描寫、表示喜惡等 (b)以從交際角度編寫的教學(xué)大綱為基礎(chǔ) (c)強(qiáng)調(diào)交際過程，如不同的場合下恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂谜Z言；運用語言執(zhí)行各項任務(wù)，如解決問題，獲得信息等；運用語言與人們進(jìn)行社交。

⑦ 全身反應(yīng)法(Total Physical Response)

Total Physical Response (TPR) is a language teaching method built around the coordination of speech and action; it attempts to teach language through physical activity.TPR reflects a grammar-based view of language. Asher states that “most of the grammatical structure of the target language and hundreds of vocabulary items can be learned from the skillful use of the imperative(祈使句) by the instructor”.

全身反應(yīng)法：倡導(dǎo)把語言和行為聯(lián)系在一起，通過身體動作教授外語。特點: 讓第二語言進(jìn)入學(xué)生的右半腦；以"聽-做動作"為主要教學(xué)組織形式；教授的語言形式以祈使句為主，帶動其他句型；對學(xué)生的錯誤采取寬容的態(tài)度。

⑧任務(wù)性教學(xué)法(Task-based Language Teaching )

The Task-Based Language Teaching Approach: The concept of task is central to many theories of classroom teaching and learning, and the school curriculum is sometimes described as a collection of tasks. From this viewpoint, school work is defined by a core of basic tasks that recur across different subjects in the curriculum. The teacher’s choice of tasks determines learning goals, how learning is to take place, and how the results of learning will be demonstrated. In second language teaching, the use of different kinds of tasks is said to make teaching more communicative since it provides a purpose for a classroom activity which goes beyond the practice of language for its own sake.

任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)理論：任務(wù)這一概念是許多課堂教學(xué)理論的中心問題，學(xué)校課程有時被說成是一系列的任務(wù)。從這一角度上說，體現(xiàn)在課程中不同科目里的基本任務(wù)規(guī)定學(xué)校作業(yè)的內(nèi)容。教師對任務(wù)的選擇決定學(xué)習(xí)的目標(biāo)、學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)行的方式以及學(xué)習(xí)成果的表現(xiàn)方式。第二語言教學(xué)中，各種不同任務(wù)的選用據(jù)說能促進(jìn)教學(xué)中的交際，其原因是他為課堂活動設(shè)立了目標(biāo)，不僅僅是為了練習(xí)語言而練習(xí)語言。