?retrofitting

retrofitting發(fā)音

英：['retr?f?t??]　　美：['retr?f?t??]

英：　　美：

retrofitting中文意思翻譯

動詞retrofit的現(xiàn)在分詞形式

n. 改裝, 翻新

retrofitting詞形變化

動詞過去分詞: retrofitted | 動詞現(xiàn)在分詞: retrofitting | 形容詞: retrofittable | 名詞: retrofitter | 動詞第三人稱單數(shù): retrofits | 動詞過去式: retrofitted |

retrofitting常見例句

1 、As the installation of new route plants becomes a little difficult, to revamp or retrofit an existing plant is a practical way.───在新建大型硫酸裝置越來越困難的形勢下,對現(xiàn)有裝置進行適當改造不失為一個可行的方法。

2 、The retrofit plan of the seal at the shaft end of the petroleum gas compressor and its result were presented.───介紹了富氣壓縮機軸端密封的改造方案及其效果。

3 、He's retrofitted the penthouse with topoftheline security measures.─── 他改裝了他的頂層公寓 配備了頂級安全措施

4 、The retrofit has provided a new insulation life for the critical element, the fault interrupter, or contactor.───式樣翻新為重要元素提供了新絕緣材料生活, 缺點阻礙者, 或接觸器。

5 、We have shuttles and pods to retrofit.─── 我們還有穿梭機和著陸艙要改裝

6 、Using the model, numerical simulation of the flue gas temperature and speed deviation in the horizontal sack of the tangentially fired boiler before retrofit was performed.───利用該模型對改造前切圓鍋爐水平煙道煙溫、煙速偏差進了數(shù)值模擬,計算結(jié)果和實際運行狀況一致,證明了模型的可行。

7 、Starting from a new aspect,it explained a new way to realize energy saving without retrofitting DCS and control logic at site in the application of high voltage frequency conversion.───從全新的角度,詮釋了高壓變頻在系統(tǒng)應用中不對DCS和現(xiàn)場控制邏輯改造,即可實現(xiàn)節(jié)能應用的一種新方法。

8 、The aim of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of retrofitting these simple-cycle units into more advanced cycle with higher power output and efficiency.───因此，本研究之目的乃在評估如何利用原本要排放至大氣的廢熱來改善此單循環(huán)機組，使其成為更有效率及產(chǎn)出更高發(fā)電量之系統(tǒng)。

9 、They must have changed it since the retrofit.───可能上次改建以后的事。

10 、No retrofit holes had been installed at the interior support.───在中間支承上沒有設置止裂孔。

11 、Now, even more of the flying public can experience the benefits and superior comfort of updated interiors in new and retrofit 767s and 747-400ERs.───如今，在新出廠的以及經(jīng)過內(nèi)部改裝的767和747-400ER上，更多的旅客也能夠體驗到這些好處和優(yōu)越的享受。

12 、In this study, recast column method is used to retrofit RC frames damaged by short column effect.───中文摘要本研究乃針對窗臺結(jié)構(gòu)物因短柱效應所引起之破壞而進行修復補強。

13 、The Krones HDE fobber is suitable and available for all fillers from any manufacturer as a retrofit and upgrade option.───克朗斯的HDEFobber是適合且適用于任何制造商所有灌裝機的翻新及升級選擇。

14 、In the manufacturing world, the word “retrofit” many times is feared to mean “l(fā)ost production.───在制造業(yè)中，設備改造很多時候都意味著談之色變的“產(chǎn)量損失”。

15 、RETROFIT OF COARSE AND FINE PULVERIZED COAL SEPARATOR FOR BOILER NO.───廣州發(fā)電廠粗細粉分離器改造。

16 、"The requirement for some type of inherent control in the projectile doesn't preclude retrofitting GPS to some existing shells," Grace said.───"某些原有的控制炮彈飛行的技術條件并不妨礙GPS技術在現(xiàn)有彈藥上的更新。

17 、Then an example of retrofit techniques of steel truss bridge is introduced, in which the concept of damage control design is adopted introducing an girder floor isolation system and hysteretic damper.───另外,還例舉說明了鋼桁架橋的改造,其設計引入了震害控制的觀念,采用了桁架橋板梁隔震系統(tǒng)和滯后減振裝置。

18 、Guangzhou Tianhe District public Rowe suspected upstairs tenants retrofitting toilets causing leakage impact their lives.───廣州天河區(qū)市民羅先生懷疑樓上住戶加裝廁所造成漏水影響自己的生活。

19 、With the retrofit project of RT-MIS for a power plant, taking a unit and SCADA part of system as an example, the design and implement of data channels in RT-MIS is put forward.───以某火電廠實時系統(tǒng)中的機組部分和全廠遠動SCADA部分為例,介紹了實時系統(tǒng)的核心部分,即數(shù)據(jù)通道的設計與實現(xiàn)。

20 、Able to retrofit it into a fully cloaked aircraft.─── 能夠?qū)⑵涓脑斐赏耆?*的飛機

21 、How to retrofit a off-load-tap-changing transformer into a on-load-tap-changing one?───外加串聯(lián)變調(diào)壓是主變壓器無載調(diào)壓改有載調(diào)壓的重要模式，正確認識其整體阻抗特性十分重要。

22 、I want you to pull up the layout for the retrofit.─── 我要你把裝修設計圖調(diào)出來

23 、Some problems have also been pointed out, like reduction of engine power, LNG automatic gasification and high retrofitting costs of LNG-V, etc.───同時指出了現(xiàn)階段研究中存在的主要問題：發(fā)動機功率下降、LNG自氣化和LNG汽車改裝成本較高等。

24 、The weld step and process were introduced, the experience of weld retrofit of the valve was rarely gained, and can be used for reference.───介紹了缺陷處理的具體工藝措施、過程，簡述了汽包筒體缺陷處理方面的經(jīng)驗，為國內(nèi)運行機組同類缺陷的焊補提供了借鑒。

25 、Priestley, M.J.N., Seible, F., and Calvi, M.（1996）, Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges, New York: Wiley &Sons.───臺灣省結(jié)構(gòu)工程技師公會（2003），鋼筋混凝土建筑物耐震能力評估手冊，臺北：科技圖書。

26 、Security and protective design will need to be embedded in new building designs and many existing building will require retrofitting to acquire added protection.───將來的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設計將需要安全和防護設計，而現(xiàn)有建筑需要翻新加固以加強防護。

27 、However, if air-bypass control is installed together with the other retrofit options, this scenario changes.───但是，如果空氣旁路控制安裝與其他改造方案，這種情況下的變化。

28 、The matching product of exterior wall beading elastic emulsion paint is a decorative water paint which is suitable for retrofit of old glazed tile and mosaic tile and for new or old cement wall.───外墻滾花彈性涂料配套是一種適合于用在舊面磚、錦磚外墻維護翻新和一般新舊水泥墻面裝飾的水性涂料。

29 、Retrofitting existing buildings in the United States to be more energy-efficient is a lot harder than building green ones in China from scratch.───在美國翻新現(xiàn)有房屋更加高效節(jié)能，但對于中國從零開始更為容易。

30 、On the other hand, this feature can be valuable when retrofitting a site that was mistakenly coded without locking variables.───當你的興趣轉(zhuǎn)向我剛才提到的多線程的性態(tài)和數(shù)據(jù)處理在場景之前發(fā)生的方式這兩個方面的的時候這個事情就變得有些棘手。

31 、A method to use REXA electro-hydraulic actuator to retrofit the old hydraulic control bypass system of indigenous import type300 MW generating units use WH technologies is introduced in this paper.───對一種采用REXA集成型電液執(zhí)行器的引進WH技術的國產(chǎn)300MW機組液壓旁路系統(tǒng)進行改造的方案做了介紹。

32 、Retrofitting generating facilities for CCS is inherently more expensive than deploying CCS in new plants.───為了CCS而翻新發(fā)電設備，絕對比建造新廠時就采用CCS要昂貴。

33 、The retrofit is given of the prilling basket, second stage evaporation separator and control valve for pressure in the hydrolysis system in a urea unit based on the ammonia stripping process.───介紹氨氣提法尿素裝置的造粒噴頭、二段蒸發(fā)水離器及分解系統(tǒng)壓力控制閥的改造情況。

34 、To ensure the normally operation of broadcasting studios,retrofitting old air handling unit plant rooms is made.───為保證廣播電臺演播室的正常工作,對原有的空調(diào)機房進行了改造。

35 、It can be used as reference for the retrofitting of old plants or the erecting of new plants.───對舊電廠改造和新建電廠,此軟件都具有參考價值。

36 、In grass root design of larger vessels and retrofit of existing ones .......───在新建大型容器的設計和現(xiàn)有大型容器的改造中，.....

37 、The production practice and retrofitting of a sulphuric acid plant based on gold smelter off-gas with an original design capacity of 40 kt/a is described.───介紹一套原設計能力為40kt/a的黃金冶煉廠煙氣制酸裝置的生產(chǎn)實踐與改造。

38 、This paper focused on the retrofit design of a EDC purification set in Shanghai Chlor-Alkali Chemical Corparation (SCACC).───也就是說,不管采用多先進的節(jié)能手段,精餾過程的有效能損失是不可避免的,其原因就是因為精餾為不可逆過程。

39 、R.John Caulfield, D.Scott Kieffer, David F. Tsztoo, Bill Cain.Seismic design measures for the retrofit of the Claremont tunnel[M].RETC2005.───張文中.烏鞘嶺特長隧道主要地質(zhì)問題與防治措施[J].西部探礦工程，2005，03.

40 、M.J.N.Priestley, F.Seible, and G.M.Calvi, “Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges,” John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, 1995.───交通部臺灣區(qū)國道高速公路局，“國道中山高速公路橋梁耐震分析評估及補強設計原則”，89年9月。

41 、The existing problems of the heat exchanger sets for styrene plants in production were presented,their failure causes were analyzed,and a review was conducted of every retrofit process of equipment.───介紹了苯乙烯裝置換熱器組在生產(chǎn)應用中出現(xiàn)的問題,對失效的原因進行了分析,評述了歷次設備改造過程。

42 、This paper analyses the possiblity of steam step use and heat recovery from condesate of a hot press, gives data on capital expenditure and running costs of the retrofit.───分析了在徐州火柴廠實施半封閉式熱壓機高溫冷凝水回收和熱能梯級利用的可行性，并列舉了設備土建、安裝費用，以及設備運行數(shù)據(jù)。

43 、Therefore, you will probably need to retrofit your application to take full advantage of SQL Server and an Access project.───因此，用戶有可能需要改進應用程序以充分利用 sql Server 和 Access 項目。

44 、Priestely, M.J., Seible, F., and Calvi, G. M., Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges , John Wiely and Sons, Inc., 1996.───交通部，”橋梁耐震補強準則(期末報告)”，計畫主持人：黃震興，協(xié)同主持人：張國鎮(zhèn)、羅俊雄、李有豐、楊岳勛、葉啟輝，1998年9月。

45 、Retrofit noise barriers on Tuen Mun Road.───于屯門公路安裝隔音屏障。

46 、The retrofit and commissioning of double adjustable swirling flow burner of boiler NO1 in Huanneng Nantong Power Plant is introduced .───介紹了華能南通電廠#1鍋爐雙調(diào)風燃燒器的改造與調(diào)試情況。

47 、"Now you're probably spending more time and energy retrofitting your environment than you ever did on the initial deployment," Whiteley says.───“現(xiàn)在您可能花費更多的時間和精力，加裝您的環(huán)境比以往任何時候都沒有，你就初步部署， ”懷特利說。

48 、The retrofit scheme is analyzed and summarized in the aspect of maintenance.───從檢修角度對改造方案進行了剖析。

49 、Report No. FHWA-RD-94-052, "Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Bridges", U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, October 1994.───交通部，"電信與運輸系統(tǒng)之耐震安全評估與補強準則"，國立臺灣大學工學院地震工程研究中心，1996年1月。

50 、But we've pretty much retrofitted the whole thing.─── 我們已經(jīng)把它重新改造得差不多了

51 、I even had it retrofitted with a refreshable braille display.─── 我還更新了一下設置 加入了盲文顯示系統(tǒng)

52 、The new GRT device captures the emissions from existing power plants without imposing retrofit costs.───全球研究科技公司建造的新設備能夠抓取現(xiàn)存工廠的排放氣體，而不增加額外成本。

53 、It is expensive to retrofit an application designed to support a single culture, such as U.S. English, to support additional cultures.───對于被設計為支持單個區(qū)域性(如美國英語)的應用程序,將其翻新為支持其他區(qū)域性的成本是很大的。

54 、This paper presents the equipment retrofit, combustion adjustment and results achieved of the company in an effort to reduce boiler NOX emission.───為此特別介紹了熱電分公司為降低鍋爐NOX排放所進行的設備改造和燃燒方式的調(diào)整及其取得的效果。

55 、His latest idea is to buy around 300,000 new vehicles from GM and Chrysler every year and retrofit them with what he describes as a “hydrogen hybrid” powertrain.───他最新的想法是購買約30萬新車輛由通用汽車和克萊斯勒每年改造與他所謂的“氫混合”的動力。

56 、Based on typical operation performance of this dwelling CCHP application, retrofit of the heat exchanger network (HEN)is made by optimization design of PA.───其中的夾點分析（PA）理論對系統(tǒng)中的換熱網(wǎng)絡（HEN）進行了最優(yōu)化的改進設計，換熱網(wǎng)絡的改進能實現(xiàn)最小公用事業(yè)這一能量目標以及相應的經(jīng)濟目標。

57 、Title： The analysis of fire detecting system retrofit in Yinchuan Cogeneration Co. Ltd.───關鍵詞：鍋爐;噴燃器;火焰檢測;探頭;處理器

58 、The Boiler Retrofit group in Stuttgart worked closely together with TSR and EnBW Kraftwerke AG in order to develop and define the optimised overall solution for maximum performance and output.───在斯圖加特的鍋爐改進集團與TSR一起協(xié)作致力于開發(fā)和確定使性能和輸出都能最大化的解決方案。

59 、A description is given of the main problems arising from the treatment system for urea pocess condensate since its going on stream and the relevant retrofit measures taken.───介紹了尿素工藝冷凝液處理系統(tǒng)投產(chǎn)以來出現(xiàn)的主要問題及采取的相應改造措施。

60 、Retrofitting of Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) Plant for the coal-fired Unit L2 within the Lamma Power Station to reduce sulphur dioxide emission.───加裝煙氣脫硫裝置在南丫發(fā)電廠內(nèi)的第二號燃煤發(fā)電機組以減少二氧化硫的排放。

61 、There are also new case studies on an energy retrofit program and energy assessment using FEDS.───也有一些新的案例研究能源改造計劃和能源評估使用聯(lián)邦政府。

62 、Compares and analyses some recent examples at home and abroad, and discusses some technical problems for energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings.───分析比較了近年來國內(nèi)外既有居住建筑改造實例，探討了我國北方既有居住建筑節(jié)能改造的若干技術問題。

63 、The AP Platform Software Updates (SUs) and AP Generic Retrofit procedures require you to commit the AP software version after it is selected.───AP 平臺軟件更新 (SU) 和 AP 版本更新過程要求用戶在選中 AP 軟件版本之后進行提交。

64 、Control and Automation Retrofit of 200 MW Generating Units in Fossil fired Power Plants Directly under Northeast Power(Group) Corp.───東北電力集團公司直屬火電廠200 MW機組熱工自動化改造綜述

65 、According to the available test results, the retrofitting scheme is recommended by adding a reinforced concrete slab atop the existing footings.───依據(jù)本文采用方法之評估及對試驗結(jié)果之分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)縱向鋼筋之數(shù)量及端部錨定形式，將會影響基礎版之剪力強度。

66 、An economical alternative to expensive retrofit installations.───一個經(jīng)濟的替代方案,可以替代昂貴的更新安裝。

67 、The missile's clearly been retrofitted since its manufacture.─── 很明顯 導彈制作時就經(jīng)過特殊改造

68 、Investing in, for instance, retrofitting buildings to make them more energy-efficient would create far more jobs.───例如，為建筑翻新投資，使建筑更有效用能，講創(chuàng)造更多的工作。

69 、In 2007, HHS awarded Sanofi a $77.4 million contract to retrofit that site for preparedness for a flu pandemic.───在2007年，HHS獎勵給賽諾菲$77.4百萬美元的合同來翻新那個生產(chǎn)基地以為流感流行做準備。

70 、Ceiling system ---New and retrofit ceiling system for the refilling treatment .───天花板吊頂系統(tǒng)---新建的天花板或翻新建筑的天花板系統(tǒng)的回填處理。

71 、The successful experiences in technical retrofit of the vacuum extraction system for domestic 300 MW steam turbine were introduced.───介紹國產(chǎn)300MW汽輪機真空抽氣系統(tǒng)實施技術改造的成功經(jīng)驗。

72 、By ttsing the terms of controlled emission source intensity and reck less emission source intensity,the reduction of dust amount after retrofit was calculated,the d...───并試用人力資本法、市場價值法，概算了間接效益，最后對無組織源強確定法作了討論。

73 、Pincheira, Jose A., James O.Jirsa, “Seismic Response of RC Frames Retrofitting With Steel Braces or Walls,” Journal of Structure Engineering, pp.1225-1235 (1995).───張世典，既有鋼筋混凝土建筑物耐震能力評估手冊，內(nèi)政部建筑研究所，臺北(1996)。

74 、Priestley, M.J.N., Seible, F., and Calvi, G.M. (1996).Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges, John Wiley &Sons.───內(nèi)政部營建署(2002)，防止橋梁落橋裝置設計與現(xiàn)場施工技術手冊。

75 、Control Circuit Retrofit to 6 kV Break Switch in P.P.───發(fā)電廠6 kV小車開關控制回路的改造。

76 、After the Games, it is responsible for retrofit.───在奧運會結(jié)束后，該部門負責場館恢復工作。

77 、I've retrofitted these pattern enhancers with dark matter.─── 我用暗物質(zhì)改裝了這些波形增強器

78 、The shaking table experiment of seismic retrofitting of earthquake damaged RC frame shear wall structure using MRD is implemented.───利用MRD對一有損傷鋼筋混凝土框-剪偏心結(jié)構(gòu)進行抗震加固，并進行振動臺試驗。

79 、In retrofitting of substation fireproof and safety design,exterior decorating materials for production buildings should be properly selected.───對變電所土建防火及安全設計改造中,對電力生產(chǎn)建筑屋面造型裝飾材料要選擇得當;

80 、Retrofit and repairmentnt of concrete structure by FRP for resistance of shear force is a main application.───FRP抗剪加固是FRP加固應用的一種主要方式,目前研究重點主要針對梁和柱;

81 、So the idea of retrofitting analog broadcasting for greater resolution was abandoned.───因此，翻新類比系統(tǒng)以求更高解析度的念頭，就此打消了。

82 、Operators interested in retrofitting Category IIIb all weather capability can contact the Boeing Technical Services and Modification group through normal channels for offerability, cost and schedule information.───希望具有上述能力的用戶可以聯(lián)系波音技術服務和改裝中確定改裝細則。

83 、The retrofitting of control system for gypsum centrifuge in swage treatment system of a copper smelter acid plant is described.───介紹銅冶煉煙氣制酸裝置廢水處理系統(tǒng)石膏離心機控制系統(tǒng)的改造。

84 、It's the retrofit proposal to overhaul this bucket before it breaks apart.─── 一份翻新飛船的提案 在它四分五裂之前 徹底大修一次

85 、I crawled under the house and the retrofitting is rookie work.─── 我爬到房子底下去了 翻新得簡直太菜了

86 、For example, collaboration is necessary for the development of financing strategies that scale up the retrofitting of buildings.───例如：為了擴大建筑改造的規(guī)模，我們需要通力合作來制訂出融資策略。

87 、The need for upgrading, strengthening, retrofitting, and rehabilitating existing structures, or damaged ones, is one of the most important problems that structural engineers face.───對現(xiàn)有結(jié)構(gòu)的維修及受損結(jié)構(gòu)的加固、修復是結(jié)構(gòu)工程所面臨的主要問題之一。

88 、Understand the building design &construction codes, compliance, legislative, and legal framework in Beijing, or Shanghai as it relates to managing significant retrofit / new installation mechanical &electrical projects.───了解與管理重大翻新和新安裝的機械和電力工程相關的，北京或上海的建筑設計和構(gòu)造編碼，條例，立法機關和法律程序。

89 、Some technical problems of distribution line project design for retrofit of urban power grid are introduced.───介紹江西城網(wǎng)改造配電線路工程設計上存在的一些技術問題。

90 、Ping change in the basis of retrofitting heat preservation layer slope is to reach 65% of the energy-saving standards for buildings.───在平改坡的基礎上加裝保溫層，是為了使樓房達到65%的節(jié)能標準。

優(yōu)質(zhì)隔熱的超輕氣凝膠，能否制成窗戶并承受太空的極端溫差變化？

據(jù)外媒報道，科羅拉多大學博爾德分校的研究人員們，已經(jīng)找到了將之變透明的方法，且重點是借助啤酒釀造時的副產(chǎn)品。

新型透明氣凝膠，被安置在一個壓著玻璃板的浴缸中

將空氣困住，是熱絕緣體的一個關鍵。普通衣服透風，但羊毛和鵝絨等材料的表面積更大、可以容納更多空氣，從而實現(xiàn)更好的保暖效果。

氣凝膠的主要組成部分也是空氣，這使得它們成為極佳的絕緣體，并且已經(jīng)普遍用于磚塊、小房子、以及冬季夾克中。

然而要將它們變成窗戶的話，不得不考慮其獨特的材料結(jié)構(gòu)：

氣凝膠具有十字交叉的固體材料結(jié)構(gòu)，能夠產(chǎn)生數(shù)十億個氣孔來吸收空氣、但也散射出大量光線，使它們有時看起來會被稱作‘冷凍煙霧’。

拿著原材料（來自于啤酒麥芽汁）的 Qingkun Liu

為此，團隊著手開發(fā)一種更加透明的氣凝膠。它不僅可以安裝在窗戶上讓光線通過，還能保持住熱量。

為此研究人員轉(zhuǎn)向了纖維素材料，這是一種常見的植物糖，可以操縱其分子、以均勻的格子圖案連接起來。但最機智的是，他們采用了收購來的液體廢棄物。

作為啤酒釀造的副產(chǎn)物，啤酒麥汁通常會被工廠丟棄掉。但在被該團隊回收后，他們添加了專門的細菌，可以在大約兩周的時間內(nèi)，從啤酒麥芽汁中制造纖維素。

對于手上的材料，研究團隊可以誘導纖維素自組裝稱納米纖維，然后用于制造凝膠。最終結(jié)果是，它不僅薄膜透明，且高度耐熱。

這種透明氣凝膠的原材料，屬于啤酒制造的“副產(chǎn)品”

團隊稱，透明氣凝膠的最佳案例，就是粘貼在窗戶上的薄膜。它可以大大提升隔熱性，在增加熱效率的同時、成本更加低廉。

研究合著者 Andrew Hess 稱，替換窗戶的成本很高，我們當前正在設想一種改裝產(chǎn)品。它與消費者在 Home Depot 等商場買到的剝離和粘貼薄膜差不多。

此外，這項技術還有許多其它應用前景，包括智能衣物、汽車絕緣、以及消防防護。

新型透明氣凝膠樣品，可讓窗戶變成更好的絕緣體

值得一提的是，這些應用甚至可以闖出地球。幾個月前，該團隊贏得了美國宇航局（NASA）舉辦的 2018 iTech 競賽，作品是將氣凝膠作為超凡脫俗的窗戶絕緣體。

這份研究的通訊作者 Ivan Smalyukh 表示，透明度是一項實用的功能，因為你可以在窗戶上使用這種凝膠，甚至在外星生境中使用它。

你可以通過隔熱材料采集和儲存陽光的能量，保護自己免受火星或月球上巨大的溫差振蕩。

視頻加載中...

From beer to windows

有關這項研究的詳情，已經(jīng)發(fā)表在近日出版的《納米 能源》（Nano Energy）期刊上。原標題為：

《Flexible transparent aerogels as window retrofitting films and optical elements with tunable birefringence》

問一下美國自由女神像的背景，英文的。急！

補充：美國人受到的苦難和對自由的向往進行突出：

Civil liberties of the United States are certain inalienable rights retained by (as opposed to privileges granted to) citizens of the United States under the Constitution of the United States, as interpreted and clarified by the Supreme Court of the United States and lower federal courts. Civil liberties can be simply defined as individual legal and constitutional protections against the government.

Freedom of speech, protected by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, allows people the freedom to express themselves and enjoy the expressions of others without the interference of the government. It set limits for the government so it won't abuse its power. Proponents say freedom of speech also promotes political discourse necessary for a healthy and engaged electorate.

Students are guaranteed certain rights of expression in public schools even when the government asserts its interest in keeping the peace. Manner of dress is a form of expression.

Freedom of speech in the U.S. follows a graduated system, with different types of regulations subject to different levels of scrutiny in court challenges based on the First Amendment, often depending on the type of speech.

Sexual freedoms include the freedom to have an abortion and the freedom to have private consensual homosexual sex.

Equal protection prevents the government from creating laws that are discriminatory in application or effect.

自由女神像背景（488字）

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Statue of Liberty

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Liberty Enlightening the World, commonly known as the Statue of Liberty, was presented to the United States by the people of France in 1886. Standing on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, it welcomes visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans. The copper-clad statue, dedicated on October 28, 1886, commemorates the centennial of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence and is a gesture of friendship from France to the United States.

Worldwide, the Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable icons of the United States and was, from 1886 until the jet age, often one of the first glimpses of the United States for millions of immigrants after ocean voyages from Europe.

The classical appearance derives from Libertas, ancient Rome's goddess of freedom from slavery, oppression, and tyranny. Her raised right foot is on the move. This symbol of Liberty and Freedom is not standing still or at attention in the harbor, it is moving forward, as her left foot tramples broken shackles at her feet, in symbolism of the United States' wish to be free from oppression and tyranny. The seven spikes on the crown represent the Seven Seas and seven continents. Her torch signifies enlightenment. The tablet in her hand represents knowledge and shows the date of the United States Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776.

The statue, also known affectionately as "Lady Liberty", has become a symbol of freedom and democracy. She welcomed arriving immigrants, who could see the statue as they arrived in the United States. There is a version of the statue in France given by the United States in return.

Discussions in France over a suitable gift to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence were headed by the politician and sympathetic writer of the history of the United States, Edouard Rene de Laboulaye. French sculptor Frederic Bartholdi was commissioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion. The idea for the commemorative gift then grew out of the political turmoil which was shaking France at the time. The French Third Republic was still considered as a "temporary" arrangement by many, who wished a return to monarchism, or to some form of representation of republican virtues to a "sister" republic across the sea served as a focus for the republican cause against other politicians.

It was agreed that in a joint effort, the American people were to build the base, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly in the United States. In France, public donations, various forms of entertainment including notably performances of La liberte eclairant le monde (Liberty enlightening the world) by soon-to-be famous composer Charles Gounod at Paris Opera, and a charitable lottery were among the methods used to raise the 2,250,000 francs ($250,000). In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights assisted in providing needed funds.