?routinely

routinely發(fā)音

英：[ru:'ti:nl?]　　美：[ru?tinl?]

英：　　美：

routinely中文意思翻譯

adv. 日常地；通常地；例行公事地

routine 形近詞？

routine是一個英文單詞，形近詞 performance, show, ；作為名詞基本含義為常規(guī)；正常順序；生活乏味；無聊；一套動作，一系列笑話。作為形容詞基本含義為常規(guī)的；例行公事的；日常的；正常的；毫不特別的；乏味的；其復(fù)數(shù)為routines；派生副詞為routinely。

例句為She completed the routine without even working up a sweat.她完成了一套常規(guī)動作，連汗都沒出。

中西方餐桌禮儀及英文表達(dá)

The Differences Between Chinese and Western Table Manners/etiquette

Comparison of Chinese and western Table Manners/etiquette

table manners

UK [ˈteɪbl mænəz]

US [ˈteɪbl mænərz]

n.

餐桌規(guī)矩；進(jìn)餐禮節(jié)

table etiquette

UK [ˈteɪbl ˈetɪkət]

US [ˈteɪbl ˈetɪkət]

餐桌禮儀

manners是常使用復(fù)數(shù)形式，指非常普通的、連孩子都應(yīng)掌握的基本的禮儀規(guī)范；etiquette則更為講究，要比manners復(fù)雜，常隨著形勢的變化而改變。

Etiquette (來自法語)and manners are synonyms, but do have slightly different meanings.

Etiquette is a code of polite conduct based on social acceptance and efficiency. Simply, it means to follow rules for efficiently or politeness. Sometimes, rules of etiquette are archaic (old-fashioned) and don't make sense nowadays.

For example, it is good etiquette to sit with your back straight.

It is good etiquette to not chew loudly when at the dinner table.

It is good etiquette to dress neatly for a formal occasion.

Etiquette may change in different cultures. For example, it could be good etiquette to chew loudly when eating your food (this is just an example, haha).

Manners are polite behaviors that reflect an attitude of consideration, kindness and respect for others.

For example, saying "please" and "thank you" are good manners. Saying "excuse me" if you need to get someone's attention instead of shouting rudely is good manners. Not interrupting someone while they are talking is good manners.

Good manners are usually universal and don't change in different cultures.

Of course, the main difference on the Chinese dinner table is chopsticks instead of knife and fork, but that's only superficial. Besides, in decent restaurants, you can always ask for a pair of knife and fork, if you find the chopsticks not helpful enough.

tableware

UK [ˈteɪblweə(r)]

US [ˈteɪblwer]

n.

(商店用語)餐具

chopsticks

UK [ˈtʃɒpstɪks]

US [ˈtʃɑpˌstɪks]

n.

筷子

chopstick的復(fù)數(shù)

The real difference is that in the West, you have your own plate of food, while in China the dishes are placed on the table and everyone shares ,Perhaps it’s one of the things that surprises a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food onto the plates of their guests. In formal dinners, there are always "public" chopsticks and spoons for this purpose, but some hosts may use their own chopsticks. This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness. It is always polite to eat the food. If you do not eat it, just leave the food in the plate.

People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed. When you have had enough, just say so. Or you will always overeat!

Chinese table manners of families have no intrinsic quality even there are different region and position. No matter three meals a day or guest's arrival, always bowls with chopsticks, food with soup. There is no rule for how to put the tableware. What people care about more are not the gorgeous tableware but the sumptuous food. People's dining position reflects the most obvious etiquette of Chinese table manners. In ancient society, men are supreme, and women are not allowed to sit with men on the same table. Although this is modern society, this kind of ancient etiquette still remains. Today in China, the phenomenon that men sit on the table before women can be found everywhere. The master of a family usually sits on the first-class seat. The first-class seat is usually near the interior of a room facing to the door. Once there is a guest, the master will offer the first-class seat to the guest politely. If it is an ordinary meal of family, families should start after the elder. If there is a guest, the master offer the food to the guest is essential from the beginning to the end. And the tradition of urging others to drink is also a special phenomenon.

Here are some characteristics on Chinese eating:

The real difference is that in the West, you have your own plate of food, while in China the dishes are placed on the table and everyone shares ,Perhaps it’s one of the things that surprises a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food onto the plates of their guests. In formal dinners, there are always "public" chopsticks and spoons for this purpose, but some hosts may use their own chopsticks. This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness. It is always polite to eat the food. If you do not eat it, just leave the food in the plate.

People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed. When you have had enough, just say so. Or you will always overeat!

Chinese table manners of families have no intrinsic quality even there are different region and position. No matter three meals a day or guest's arrival, always bowls with chopsticks, food with soup. There is no rule for how to put the tableware. What people care about more are not the gorgeous tableware but the sumptuous food. People's dining position reflects the most obvious etiquette of Chinese table manners. In ancient society, men are supreme, and women are not allowed to sit with men on the same table. Although this is modern society, this kind of ancient etiquette still remains. Today in China, the phenomenon that men sit on the table before women can be found everywhere. The master of a family usually sits on the first-class seat. The first-class seat is usually near the interior of a room facing to the door. Once there is a guest, the master will offer the first-class seat to the guest politely. If it is an ordinary meal of family, families should start after the elder. If there is a guest, the master offer the food to the guest is essential from the beginning to the end. And the tradition of urging others to drink is also a special phenomenon.

Here are some characteristics on Chinese eating:

Can I take your order now?

Will you have some soup before the meat course? 

吃葷菜前先來點(diǎn)湯好嗎？

關(guān)于宴會知多少？

banquet

UK [ˈbæŋkwɪt]

US [ˈbæŋkwɪt]

n.

宴會；盛宴；筵席

CET6 · 考研 · TEM8 · GRE · TOEIC

復(fù)數(shù)：banquets

The state banquet國宴

SITTING

In China, any banquet, only will have one form, will be everybody sits in a circle all round. The banquet must use the round table, this formally has created （營造）one kind of unity, politeness, altogether the interest atmosphere. The delicacy delicacies place（擺放） a table of person's center, it is not only the object which table of people appreciate, taste, is also a table of person sentiment exchange intermedium.

Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends,（男女主人坐在兩頭） and then the guest of honor men and women in the press and the general order of the guests seating arrangements.

關(guān)鍵詞：

a circle

UK [ə ˈsɜːkl]

US [ə ˈsɜːrkl]

一周；一圈

all around

UK [ˌɔːl əˈraʊnd]

US [ˌɔːl əˈraʊnd]

各方面,四周

the round table

UK [ðə raʊnd ˈteɪbl]

US [ðə raʊnd ˈteɪbl]

圓桌

round-table conference

UK [raʊnd ˈteɪbl ˈkɒnfərəns]

US [raʊnd ˈteɪbl ˈkɑːnfərəns]

圓桌會議；舉行圓桌會議

圓桌會議指圍繞圓桌舉行的會議，圓桌并沒有主席位置，亦沒有隨從位置，人人平等。此概念源自英國傳說里的亞瑟王與其圓桌騎士在卡默洛特時代的習(xí)俗。

圓桌會議是指一種平等、對話的協(xié)商會議形式。是一個與會者圍圓桌而坐的會議。在舉行國際或國內(nèi)政治談判時，為避免席次爭執(zhí)、表示參加各方地位平等起見，參加各方圍圓桌而坐，或用方桌但仍擺成圓形。直到今天“圓桌會議”已成為平等交流、意見開放的代名詞，也是國家之間以及國家內(nèi)部，一種重要的協(xié)商和討論形式。

a long table

the guests of honor貴賓

The order of dishes in the West(bread eater)

Dinner start with a small dish, which is often called an a starter. After the starter you will get a bowl of soup. The next dish is the main course, it usually is a beefsteak . A vegetable salad will be served. Then a delicious dessert will appear at the table . At last is a cup of tea or coffee.

Starter（英式）

UK [ˈstɑːtə(r)]

US [ˈstɑːrtər]

n.

(主菜之前的)開胃小吃，開胃品；參賽人；參賽的馬(或汽車等)；(賽跑等的)發(fā)令員

TEM8 Vocabulary

復(fù)數(shù)：starters

Appetizer(北美)

UK [ˈæpɪtaɪzə(r)]

US [ˈæpɪtaɪzər]

n.

(餐前的)開胃品，開胃飲料

GRE · TOEIC

復(fù)數(shù)：appetizers

The main course 主菜

The order of dishes in China （rice eater）

The meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes. Soup then will be served to be followed by staple food ranging from rice, noodles to dumplings. If you wish to have your rice to go with other dishes, you should say so in good time, for most of the Chinese choose to have the staple food at last or have none of them at all.

中文：渴湯 不等于英文drink soup 而是 eat soup.

This is my spoon. I like to eat soup.

這是我的勺子，我喜歡喝湯。

I eat soup with a large spoon.

我用大勺子喝湯。

Manners in the West

1) As soon as the hostess picks up her napkin, pick yours up and lay it on your lap. Sometimes a roll of bread is wrapped in it; if so, take it out and put it on your side plate.

2) The Soup Course

Dinner usually begins with soup. The largest spoon at your place is the soup spoon. lt will be beside your plate at the right-hand side.

3) The Fish Course

If there is a fish course, it will probably follow the soup. There may be a special fork for the fish, or it may be similar to the meat fork. Often it is smaller.

4) The Meat Course

The main Course is usually served by the host himself, especially if it is a fowl or a roast which need to be carved. He will often ask each guest what piece he prefers, and it is quite proper to state your preference as to lean or fat, dark (紅肉 )or light (白肉) 。

5) Helping Yourself and Refusing

If a servant passes food around, he will pass the dish in at your left hand so that you can conveniently serve yourself with your right hand. Never serve yourself while the dish is on your right; it is then the turn of your neighbor on the right. It is polite to take some of everything that is passed to you. But if there is something you may not like, you may quietly say: No thank you。

6) Various rules and Suggestions

Sit up straight on your chair;

Do not put much food in your mouth at a time; Drink only when there is no food in your mouth; Try not to get into your mouth anything that will have to be taken out; Do not make any noise when you eat; Do not clean your teeth at the table or anywhere in public, either with your finger or a tooth pick/dental floss , not even with you tongue.

Receiving guests

When a guest receives an invitation to someone's home, it is common but not necessary for the guest to ask, "Could I bring anything?" If the host declines, the guest should not insist, as this insinuates that the host is unable to provide

中文：渴湯 不等于英文drink soup 而是 eat soup.

This is my spoon. I like to eat soup.

這是我的勺子，我喜歡喝湯。

I eat soup with a large spoon.

我用大勺子喝湯。

Manners in the West

1) As soon as the hostess picks up her napkin, pick yours up and lay it on your lap. Sometimes a roll of bread is wrapped in it; if so, take it out and put it on your side plate.

2) The Soup Course

Dinner usually begins with soup. The largest spoon at your place is the soup spoon. lt will be beside your plate at the right-hand side.

3) The Fish Course

If there is a fish course, it will probably follow the soup. There may be a special fork for the fish, or it may be similar to the meat fork. Often it is smaller.

4) The Meat Course

The main Course is usually served by the host himself, especially if it is a fowl or a roast which need to be carved. He will often ask each guest what piece he prefers, and it is quite proper to state your preference as to lean or fat, dark (紅肉 )or light (白肉) 。

5) Helping Yourself and Refusing

If a servant passes food around, he will pass the dish in at your left hand so that you can conveniently serve yourself with your right hand. Never serve yourself while the dish is on your right; it is then the turn of your neighbor on the right. It is polite to take some of everything that is passed to you. But if there is something you may not like, you may quietly say: No thank you。

6) Various rules and Suggestions

Sit up straight on your chair;

Do not put much food in your mouth at a time; Drink only when there is no food in your mouth; Try not to get into your mouth anything that will have to be taken out; Do not make any noise when you eat; Do not clean your teeth at the table or anywhere in public, either with your finger or a tooth pick/dental floss , not even with you tongue.

Receiving guests

When a guest receives an invitation to someone's home, it is common but not necessary for the guest to ask, "Could I bring anything?" If the host declines, the guest should not insist, as this insinuates that the host is unable to provide adequate hospitality, especially for more formal situations . such as dinner parties. Hosts accepting such offers should be clear, but not demanding; if one does not think the guest will be able to provide the correct item, politely decline the offers. It is polite to announce your presence when arriving at an informal occasion, such as a backyard barbecue, or if dropping by unexpectedly, although the latter is a faux pas unless the host has previously indicated that such visits are welcome.

Guests wishing to give flowers should consider sending them earlier in the day or the day before a dinner party rather than bring them just as the hostess is busy with last minute dinner preparations. A host might keep a vase handy if he or she suspects that flowers, wile brought by guests.

A guest may offer to help a host, and it is more appropriate in more familiar situations. The host should turn down help offered by people he is less familiar with. Judith Martin

states: "A good guest offers to help but does not insist if the offer is firmly refused ". A good host never requests help and offers mild resistance if it is wanted, but firm resistance if it is not.

General standards

These etiquette topics are relevant in both the United States and Canada and pertain no basic interactions in society. It is a understood that these are general rules to which in certain contexts and depending on the expectations of the parties involved,

there may be exceptions.

Manners in China

1)Spitting Out the Bones

In China it is common practice to spit things out on the table or the floor. Often food has small pieces of bone or other inedible parts that need to be removed from the mouth. Using chopsticks, a hand or a tissue is a polite way around the problem.

2)Touching Tables

Though in the West it is sometimes considered rude to put one's elbows on the dining table, this is quite acceptable in China, particularly when eating noodles.

3)Noise and Smoking

Eating noisily is allowed in China. Slurping, smacking the lips and leaving the mouth open when eating can be viewed as demonstrating enjoyment of the food and a friendly atmosphere in China.

Smoking is also permitted in most Chinese restaurants. A way round this, in larger restaurants, is to request a side room you’re your meal, which will have its own door to insulate you from the noise and smoke.

4)Dessert

Eating something sweet for dessert is not a Chinese custom. Sweet things can be found hidden among everything else on a Chinese menu. Fruit salads and caramel covered apple are Chinese sweet dishes that are popular with Westerners.

5)Drinking

Beer is very popular in China. The other popular alcoholic drink is rice wine. Beware, this can be very strong .In China, drinking alcohol is still mainly a male custom. Male guests are routinely offered alcohol and, cigarettes at meal times. Just politely refuse if you don't want them. An empty glass is always refilled, no matter about protests is that the guest has had enough, as a mark of politeness or good will often a refusal has to be given three times.