debris是什么意思,debris中文翻譯,debris發(fā)音、用法及例句
?debris
debris發(fā)音
英:[d??bri:, de?-, ?de??bri:] 美:[d??bri, de-, ?de?bri]
英: 美:
debris中文意思翻譯
n.碎片, 殘骸
debris詞形變化
動詞過去式: debriefed | 動詞現(xiàn)在分詞: debriefing | 動詞過去分詞: debriefed | 動詞第三人稱單數(shù): debriefs |
精修《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》中譯文| 01
翻譯之路道阻且長,必經(jīng)百般磨礪。每周精修一篇《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》中譯文,主要目的是琢磨語言,一方面學(xué)習(xí)英文表達(dá),另一方面深入思考中文表達(dá)。盡量避免“翻譯腔”,就算是沒有白費功夫了。這里是我的精修
Low-Earth-orbit satellites
Round and round they go
The launch of thousands of new satellites will boost the space economy
近地軌道衛(wèi)星
轉(zhuǎn)圈圈
轉(zhuǎn)呀轉(zhuǎn)呀轉(zhuǎn)呀轉(zhuǎn)
將有數(shù)千顆新衛(wèi)星升空,推動太空經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展
數(shù)千顆新衛(wèi)星即將升空,太空經(jīng)濟(jì)將迅猛發(fā)展
Space is becoming more crowded. On December 3rda Falcon 9 rocket made by SpaceX thundered into the sky. On board were 64 small satellites, more than any American company had launched before in one go. They have an array of uses, from space-based radar to the monitoring of radio-frequency emissions. One, designed by Trevor Paglen, an artist, will soon unfurl a 30-metre reflective structure that will shine down on Earth like an artificial star, visible to the naked eye.
太空正變得越來越擁擠。12月3日,SpaceX制造的一枚獵鷹九號火箭轟隆升空。它上面裝載了64顆小型衛(wèi)星,超過之前任何一家美國公司單次發(fā)射衛(wèi)星的數(shù)量。從天基雷達(dá)到無線電發(fā)射監(jiān)測,這些衛(wèi)星的用途多種多樣。其中一顆由藝術(shù)家Trevor Paglen設(shè)計,內(nèi)嵌的30米場反射器不久將會打開,變成一顆肉眼可見的人造星星,在地球的上空閃光。
太空越來越擁擠了。12月3日,SpaceX發(fā)射了一枚獵鷹9號火箭,這一次共有64顆小型衛(wèi)星隨之升空,創(chuàng)下了美國公司單次發(fā)射衛(wèi)星數(shù)量的新紀(jì)錄。這些衛(wèi)星用途多樣,從天基雷達(dá)到無線電監(jiān)測等十分廣泛。其中還包括一顆由藝術(shù)家特雷弗·裴格倫(Trevor Paglen)設(shè)計的藝術(shù)衛(wèi)星,它將在太空中釋放約30米長的反射器,變身為肉眼即可觀賞到的人造衛(wèi)星。
These objects are part of the latest breed of low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites, which are designed to whizz around the planet only a few hundred kilometers above its surface. This month’s launch is just a taste of what is planned. SpaceX and OneWeb, a communications firm, plan to launch satellites in their thousands, not hundreds (see briefing). The pair are set to double the total number of satellites in orbit by 2027.
這些都屬于最新型的近地軌道衛(wèi)星,在距地表僅幾百公里的軌道上繞行。本月發(fā)射的只是計劃中的以下部分。SpaceX和衛(wèi)星通信公司OneWeb計劃發(fā)射幾千而不是幾百顆衛(wèi)星。兩家公司的目標(biāo)是讓軌道衛(wèi)星的綜述到2027年增加一倍。
此次發(fā)射的衛(wèi)星都屬于最新型近地軌道衛(wèi)星(LEO),運行軌道距離地面不過幾百公里。此次發(fā)射活動也只是更宏大計劃的牛刀小試。SpaceX和通信公司OneWeb打算發(fā)射數(shù)以千計的衛(wèi)星,幾百個尚不足為道,到2027年,它們要把在軌衛(wèi)星的數(shù)量增加一倍。
That promises to change things dramatically on Earth. LEO satellites can bring internet connectivity to places where it is still unavailable or unaffordable. This will also be an enduring source of new demand for the space economy. Morgan Stanley, a bank, projects that the space industry will grow from $350bn in 2016 to more than $1.1trn by 2040. New internet satellites will account for a half this increase.
這會給地球帶來巨大改變。近地軌道衛(wèi)星可以為目前還未接入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)或者聯(lián)網(wǎng)成本過高的地區(qū)提供網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接。而這也將是太空經(jīng)濟(jì)新需求的持久源泉。摩根士丹利預(yù)測,航天業(yè)的規(guī)模將從2016年的3500億美元增長至2040年的超過1.1萬億美元。其中一半的增長將源自新興互聯(lián)網(wǎng)衛(wèi)星。
這將給人類社會帶來巨大改變。有了近地軌道衛(wèi)星,目前沒有網(wǎng)絡(luò)或者網(wǎng)絡(luò)太貴的地區(qū)就能聯(lián)網(wǎng)了。太空經(jīng)濟(jì)也將因此獲得源源不斷的新需求。摩根士丹利預(yù)測,到2040年,太空行業(yè)規(guī)模將從2016年的3,500億美元增長到超過1.1萬億美元,其中一半將來自互聯(lián)網(wǎng)衛(wèi)星。
For that to happen, however, three worries must be overcome. Debris is the most familiar concern. As long ago as 1978, Donald Kessler, a scientist at NASA, proposed a scenario in which, when enough satellites were packed into low-Earth orbits, any collision could cause a chain reaction which would eventually destroy all space craft in its orbital plane. The syndrome which bears Mr. Kessler’s name weighs heavily on the minds of executives at the new satellite firms. Debris could conceivably render entire tracts of space unusable for decades. (Collisions have already happened. In 2009 an American satellite and a Russian one crashed into each other above Siberia, sending over a tonne of metal fragments swirling around the planet at thousands of kilometers per hour.)
然而,要實現(xiàn)這一點必須解決三大憂患。其中最為人熟知的一個是空間碎片。早在1978年,美國國家航空航天局的科學(xué)家DO哪來的Kessler就提出,當(dāng)足夠多的衛(wèi)星進(jìn)入近地軌道時,任何碰撞都可能引起連鎖反應(yīng),最終破壞所在軌道平面內(nèi)的所有航天器。這一被命名為“凱斯勒綜合癥”的理論是壓在新型衛(wèi)星公司高管心頭的一塊大石。碎片可能導(dǎo)致整個太空軌道在幾十年內(nèi)都無法使用。(碰撞事件已有發(fā)生。2009年一顆美國衛(wèi)星和一顆俄羅斯衛(wèi)星在西伯利亞上空相撞,產(chǎn)生的一噸多金屬碎片以每小時數(shù)千公里的速度在地球上空旋轉(zhuǎn)。)
然而,要實現(xiàn)這一愿景,尚需解決三大問題。太空垃圾首當(dāng)其沖。1978年,美國國家航空航天局的科學(xué)家唐納德·凱斯勒(Donald Kessler)就曾提出,當(dāng)近地軌道衛(wèi)星達(dá)到一定的密集程度,一旦發(fā)生碰撞,連鎖反應(yīng)將摧毀該軌道平面上的所有航天器。這種情景被命名為“凱斯勒綜合癥”,給新興衛(wèi)星公司高管的心頭投下了一片陰影。一旦太空軌道上擠滿了碎片,或許數(shù)十年都不能再發(fā)射航天器了。(太空碰撞已經(jīng)不再是設(shè)想。2009年,一顆美國衛(wèi)星和一顆俄羅斯衛(wèi)星在西伯利亞上空相撞,留下了一噸多金屬碎片以每小時數(shù)千公里的速度在地球上空飛速旋轉(zhuǎn)。)
Solutions exist. One is to grab malfunctioning satellites and pull them down into Earth’s atmosphere. Another is to monitor space more intensively for debris; a US Air Force programme called Space Fence is due to start in 2019. But technology is only part of the answer. Rules are needed to govern the safe disposal of old satellites from low-Earth orbit. The United States’ Federal Communications Commission is revising its regulations with this in mind. Other countries should follow suit.
解決辦法是有的。一個方案是“捉住”故障衛(wèi)星,將其下拉至地球大氣層中。另一個方案是更嚴(yán)密地檢測太空中的碎片,美國空軍一項名為“太空籬笆”(Space Fence)的相關(guān)計劃將于2019年啟動。但技術(shù)只是解決方案的一部分,還需要制定規(guī)則來管理近地軌道就衛(wèi)星的安全處置問題。為此美國聯(lián)邦通信委員會(FCC)正在修訂相關(guān)規(guī)定。其他國家也應(yīng)效仿。
解決辦法還是有的。首先,可以將發(fā)生故障的衛(wèi)星抓住并拖入地球大氣層中。其次,更嚴(yán)密地監(jiān)控太空碎片;美國空軍就將在2019年啟動Space Fence(太空籬笆)計劃。但是科技只是一個方面。要安全清除近地軌道上的舊衛(wèi)星,還需要相關(guān)政策加持。美國聯(lián)邦通信委員會(FCC)正在沿著這個思路修訂相關(guān)規(guī)定。其他國家也應(yīng)如此。
Cyber-security is a second, long-standing worry. Hackers could take control of a satellite and seal intellectual property, redirect data flows or cause a collision. The satellite industry has been slow to respond to such concerns. But as more of the world’s population comes to rely on the infrastructure of space for access to the internet, the need for action intensifies.
第二個擔(dān)憂存在已久——網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全。黑客可能劫持衛(wèi)星,竊取知識產(chǎn)權(quán),重新定向數(shù)據(jù)流,或者讓衛(wèi)星相撞。衛(wèi)星行業(yè)對這類問題反應(yīng)遲緩。但隨著世界上越來越多人口依賴太空基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施接入互聯(lián)網(wǎng),就此類風(fēng)險采取行動變得愈加迫切。
其次,網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全隱患存在已久。黑客可能劫持衛(wèi)星,竊取知識產(chǎn)權(quán),重新定向數(shù)據(jù)流,甚至讓衛(wèi)星相撞。對于這些問題,衛(wèi)星行業(yè)的反應(yīng)一直很緩慢。但是,越來越多的人口需要依賴太空基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施才能連接互聯(lián)網(wǎng),因此,采取行動已變得十分緊迫。
The third issue follows from the first two. If a simple mistake or a cyber-attack can cause a chain reaction which wipes out hundreds of billions of dollars of investment, who is liable? Underwriters are studying the plans of firms that wish to operate large numbers of satellites. But there is a long way to go before the risks are well understood, let alone priced.
第三個問題因前兩者而生。如果一個簡單錯誤或一次網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊就可能導(dǎo)致連鎖反應(yīng),令數(shù)千億美元的投資化為烏有,那么誰該為此負(fù)責(zé)?保險公司正在研究那些想要運營大量衛(wèi)星的企業(yè)提出的計劃。但要充分了解其中的風(fēng)險尚需時日,更別說要為這些風(fēng)險定價了。
問題之三與前兩者聯(lián)系密切。如果一個小小的錯誤或者一次網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊就能引發(fā)連鎖反應(yīng),足以讓數(shù)百億美元投資化為烏有,那么這筆賬該找誰來算呢?保險公司正在幫助有意運營大量衛(wèi)星的公司研究保險計劃,但是充分了解其中風(fēng)險尚需時日,要給風(fēng)險定價豈不是難上加難。
As space becomes more commercialized, mind-bending prospects open up: packages shuttled across the planet in minutes by rocket rather than by plane, mining equipment sent to asteroids, a stream of paying passengers launched to orbit and beyond. All that and more may come, one day. But such activities would raise the same questions as LEO satellites do. They must be answered before the space economy can truly blossom.
隨著太空空間變得更商業(yè)化,讓人腦洞大開的前景漸現(xiàn):通過火箭而不是飛機(jī)在幾分鐘之內(nèi)橫跨地球遞送包裹;把采礦設(shè)備發(fā)射到小行星上;把付費乘客“發(fā)射”到地球軌道或更遠(yuǎn)的地方。某一天,這些乃至更多的想法也許都會一一實現(xiàn)。但這些活動會和近地軌道衛(wèi)星引發(fā)同樣的問題。必須首先回答這些問題,太空經(jīng)濟(jì)才能真正開花結(jié)果。
太空的商業(yè)化程度越來越高,千奇百怪的想法也紛紛涌現(xiàn):用火箭代替飛機(jī)送快遞,幾分鐘就能穿越地球;把采礦設(shè)備發(fā)送到小行星上去;花錢買票就能去地球軌道甚至更遠(yuǎn)的地方。未來某天,或許再光怪陸離的想法也能成真。但是那時,人們還是要面對近地軌道衛(wèi)星今天面對的問題。只有盡快找到解決辦法,太空經(jīng)濟(jì)才能真正百花齊放。
rubbish可數(shù)嗎
rubbish作名詞有“垃圾”、“廢棄物”、“劣質(zhì)的動詞”;“廢話”的意思,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為rubbishes。同義詞有g(shù)arbage,debris,junk,litter及waste。
rubbish的用法
(1)They had piled most of their rubbish into yellow skips.
他們把大多數(shù)的垃圾堆到了**的廢料桶里。
(2)He described her book as absolute rubbish.
他說她的書一文不值。
(3)He's talking rubbish
他胡說八道。
(4)These reports are total and utter rubbish.
這些報告廢話連篇。
(5)The result also often has only "scope" but no "depth" and exists plenty of rubbishes.
查詢的結(jié)果往往只有廣度而沒有深度,存在大量的垃圾信息.
2.同義詞辨析
(1)garbage多指生活中的有機(jī)廢料,如廢紙、包裝盒、剩菜剩飯等。
Garbage pollutes our rivers and lakes.
垃圾污染我們的河川湖泊。
(2)debris指某處堆積如山的垃圾貨某種材料無用的碎渣、碎片等。
The ditches had filled up with mud and debris.
溝渠中塞滿了淤泥和垃圾。
(3)junk指沒有用處、毫無價值的廢舊物品。
He threw away all the junk in the boot of his car.
他把汽車行李箱中所有廢舊雜物都扔掉了。
(4)litter尤指在公共場所散落于地、有礙觀瞻的廢棄物。
There were piles of litter in the streets.
街道上垃圾成堆。
(5)waste多指已無使用價值的材料或陳舊的、破損的物品,也可指任何被丟棄之物。
They disposed of the city's waste in the sea.
他們把城里的垃圾倒入海中。
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